How did the content of Shlomo Artzi’s songs change in the second phase of his
career?
His lyrics became more confessional, intimate, and semibiographical
What were the two periods in Shlomo Artzi’s career and what characterized
each one of them?
Before 1978 – his music was in the spirit of the Israeli Song Festival and SLI
After 1978 – became more Rock
What was paradoxical about Aviv Geffen?
Presented a nihilistic punk rock image yet his music was far removed from the
alternative rock scene
What characterized the second period in Mashina’s career?
Between 1990-95 the band moved towards rock
What are the musical characteristics of Israeli ethnic rock?
Rock (mode of vocal delivery, electric guitars) with elements of Mediterranean
and Middle Eastern music (modal, ornaments, rhythmic patterns, instruments or
electronic imitation of these instruments)
What is the difference between ethnic rock and SLI?
Ethnic rock embodies a return to the idea of East-West fusion which was the ideal
of SLI composers, yet it is an expression of Israeliness rather than nationalistic
ideology
What was the subject matter of the album “Ashes and dust” by Yehuda
Poliker?
Together with Yaacov Gilad who wrote the lyrics for the songs, the album was
about their experiences growing up in Israel in the 1960s as sons of Holocaust
survivors.
What is the duality that exists in Teapacks?
The band simultaneously plays the role of both an outsider and an insider by
mixing rock, which has become Israeliness’ main mode of expression, and
Mizrahiyut
What were the influences in the 6 albums released by Teapacks between 1992
and 1999?
Rock, electro-dance, Musiqa Mizrahit, Moroccan-Jewish songs, and early Israeli
rock (mainly the band Kaveret).
What styles does Musiqa Mizrahit incorporate in it?
Different ethnic styles of music (traditional Jewish Moroccan, Jewish Yemenite,
Jewish Persian, Greek, Turkish, and Arab) with Western popular forms
Eastern Jewish music could be heard regularly on Israeli radio in the 1950s and 1960s
FALSE
Why was Musiqa Mizrahit considered non-Israeli until the mid-1980?
Because it represents the Middle-Eastern Jews – the “Other”
How was Musiqa Mizrahit disseminated initially and why?
It was printed on cassettes because they were suitable for cheap mass production
and dissemination
How was Musiqa Mizrahit instrumental for Mizrahi Jews?
Musiqa Mizrahit helped defining identities and social boundaries and it was one
of the means of the Mizrahi Jews in their struggle into society
Give an example of a link between Musiqa Mizrahit and traditional music of
Mizrahi Jews.
Songs from the ‘Diwan’ (the Yemenite Jewish religious poetry) became popular
Mizrahi songs
Why was Musiqa Mizrahit absent from the radio and records?
Why was Musiqa Mizrahit absent from the radio and records?
a) Cultural power – it resembled Arab popular music
b) Musiqa Mizrahit musicians did not think in terms of commodifying it, but
rather it was perceived as live music
What were the factors in the successful marketing of Musiqa Mizrahit to its
audience?
a) The cassette technology
b) The added social dimension of discrimination against Musiqa Mizrahit
musicians, a fact which brought it to the forefront of the debate about
Israeliness
How did ethnic rock affect Musiqa Mizrahit and vice versa?
Ethnic rock helped the acceptance of Musiqa Mizrahit as an authentic type of Israeli music and therefore as an alternative expression of Israeliness. Stylistic
elements of Musiqa Mizrahit penetrated ethnic rock to form a hybrid style
Where was Musiqa Mizrahit initially programmed on radio? What was the term
used by Mizrahi musicians to describe those programs?
Muziqa Mizrahit was heard on the radio on special programs (“ghettos” as
referred by Muziqa Mizrahit musicians)
The dominant feature in the sound of Greek music comes from the ______
Bouzouki
What is the musical connection between Greek music and Musiqa Mizrahit?
The “Greek sound” (the electric guitars) is prominent in Musiqa Mizrahit
Musiqa Mizrahit places more emphasis on the lyrics than the music.
FALSE
Who were the singers who dominated Musiqa Mizrahit and what was the
reason for that?
As Musiqa Mizrahit developed in the neighborhoods in south Tel Aviv, which
were mostly populated by Yemenite Jews, Yemenite singers have dominated that style
How was the repertory of Zohar Argov different from that of other Musiqa
Mizrahit singers?
In contrast to mainstream Musiqa Mizrahit, his repertory was eclectic and
included mainstream songs (Jerusalem of gold) and Hebrew translations of
European ballads
What are Avihu Medina’s main arguments against discrimination?
a) There is discrimination against Musiqa Mizrahit by music editors in radio and
television stations (the label “Musiqa Mizrahit was invented by the media as
part of its campaign of discrimination)
b) It is propelled by the outdated notion that Israeliness equals Westernness.
c) Mizrahi Jews have been silent because they come from totalitarian regimes.
d) As part of the Middle East, Israel should adopt an orientalized culture.
What kind of musical techniques did Teapacks incorporate in their songs?
Tea-Packs incorporated Eastern music techniques, such as singing and playing in
unison for extended sections of a song, heterophony (simultaneous variation of a
single melody), vocal and instrumental improvisations in fluctuating rhythm,
quotations of Moroccan songs, and the use of microtones and Arab rhythmic
patterns
What does the song “Hanale hitbalbela” exemplify?
The eclecticism of Musiqa Mizrahit (the tune is a Klezmer folk tune from Eastern
Europe)
How was Haim Moshe’s road to mainstream achieved?
a) Performed in mainstream venues
b) Appeared regularly on the media
c) Broke off his connections with those who made him an ethnic singer
d) Introduced non-Mizrahi styles into his repertory
e) Asked mainstream Ashkenazi composers to write songs for him
f) Moved away from the orchestration/sound associated with Musiqa Mizrahit
How is Musiqa Mizrahit different from the traditional music of Mizrahi Jews in
terms of acceptance? (p.234)
Musiqa Mizrahit became “Israeli”, while traditional music of Mizrahi Jews
was “put in a museum”, labeled “ethnic music”, or rejected
What were the stigmas attached to Musiqa Mizrahit fans by Middle-class
Ashkenazim? (p.217)
Close-knit families, sports funs, right-wing populism, and religious observance
What was the criticism on Eyal Golan after the success of his 1998 album
“Soldier of Love”?
His appropriation by Rock musicians who want to capitalize on the success of
underprivileged Mizrahi singers
What was the criticism against the recognition of Musiqa Mizrahit by the
media?
Recognition by the media threatens the authenticity of Musiqa Mizrahit. Musiqa
Mizrahit should remain as an opposition to the dominant western culture
What is the cultural dilemma of Mizrahiyut?
Whether to cross the lines to mainstream society or keep its resisting and
subverting potential against marginalization and inferiority (in music that means
pay the price of dilution of the authentic sound of Musiqa Mizrahit, or keep the
authentic sound and pay the price of remaining marginal and labeled inferior and
“non-Israeli”)
According to the authors, why is it impossible to create an all-Israeli popular
music?
a) Israeli society is an aggregate of people from different cultural backgrounds.
b) The intensification of globalization occurred almost precisely when national
culture was starting.
According to the authors, what is the problem with Israeli music that is an East-
West fusion?
They seem forced or fabricated. They cannot express all the cultural and musical
contexts in Israel and thus some might not find their own sense of identity in such
fusions. In many cases, the authenticity of the styles in such fusions is diluted in
order to enable such a mix
Which wave of music became popular in Israel in the 1960s?
Greek Music
Where was Musiqa Mizrahit sold?
Tel Aviv’s central bus station
What styles does Musiqa Mizrahit combine?
Different ethnic styles of music (traditional Jewish Moroccan, Jewish Yemenite,
Jewish Persian, Greek, Turkish, and Arab) with Western popular forms
What was the derogatory term for Musiqa Mizrahit musicians?
“Cassette singers”
What were the new labels for Musiqa Mizrahit?
“Israeli Mediterranean Music” and “Israeli Eastern Music”
Where was Eastern music heard live in the 1960s? why?
Weddings and parties, since there were no records of this music, nor was it
broadcast on the radio
Which invention allowed cheap production and dissemination of Musiqa
Mizrahit?
The cassette
What did SLI composers try to incorporate in their music, similar to Israeli
Ethnic Rock composers?
The sound of the Orient
Which style of music was heard live in cafés in Ramat-Gan in the 1950s?
“Chalgi Baghdad”
What is “Laika”?
Hybrid of nightclub music styles from Athens and Thessaloniki
What is “Silsulim”?
Vocal shaking at the end of phrases
What is “Bouzouki”?
Greek instrument with 4 double strings
Which Greek singer was a star in nightclubs in Israel in the 1960s?
Aris San
What does “Ethnic Rock” mix in addition to Middle Eastern music?
Reggae , Rai, and African Pop and Rock
What was the main nightclub in Jaffa in the 1960s for Greek music?
“Arianna”
Why was “Greek Music” popular among Mizrahi Jews?
It is similar in sound and affective appeal to Arab music
What is “static harmony”?
Limited number of chords that repeat
Who has dominated the field of Musiqa Mizrahit? Why?
Yemenite singers, because Musiqa Mizrahit was invented by them
What was the influence of the electric-guitar-sound in Greek music, on Musiqa
Mizrahit?
Its sound became prominent in Musiqa Mizrahit
What was the influence of the European popular ballad on Musiqa Mizrahit?
Its format (verses and chorus) is combined in Musiqa Mizrahit together with
traditional and popular styles of Eastern Jews
What was the influence of Anglo-American pop-rock on Musiqa Mizrahit?
Amplified sound and the perception of Musiqa Mizrahit as a popular genre
What was the alternative to live performances for Mizrahi Jews in the 1950s and
1960s?
Arab radio stations
Where did Musiqa Mizrahit start?
The neighborhoods in south Tel Aviv
Which band was one of the first bands of Musiqa Mizrahit?
“Tslile Ha’ud”
Which festival started in 1971 as a kind of affirmative action?
The “Oriental Song Festival”
What are “Maqamat”?
Arab musical scales
What closed the gap between Musiqa Mizrahit and mainstream pop?
CDs and digital recording
Which band blurred the difference between Musiqa Mizrahit and Ethnic Rock?
“Teapacks”
What was Shlomo Artzi’s conviction regarding his early music?
That his early music was ridiculous and lacked authenticity and artistry
The band ‘Mashina’ started as a ______band in 1985, influenced by the British
band ________.
Ska, Maddness
The lyrics in ‘Musiqa Mizrahit’ songs are mostly political
False
List the musical characteristics of ‘Musiqa Mizrahit’.
a) Short instrumental intro like improvised, free-flowing styles in Arab and
Turkish music
b) “Silsulim” – vocal shaking at the end of phrases
c) Static harmony
d) Looped rhythmic pattern
e) Distinctive sound of the electric guitars, and the use or imitation of middle
Eastern instruments
f) Use of Maqamat
g) Nasal voice quality of the singer
What does an Oud look like?
A guitar with a short neck
What does a bouzouki look like?
a guitar with a long neck and fat base
What was new about the marketing of Israeli rock bands in the beginning of the 1980s?
a) The clothes, fashion
b) Public image
c) Album cover
d) Media coverage
How did the status of rock in Israel change in the 1980s?
It gained legitimacy – rock became the language of popular music in Israel
What did producer Louis Lahav bring to Israeli rock in terms of production?
a) Brought American production standards to Israel
b) Album should have a concept
c) The producer as an axis that connects everything
Why was Tel Aviv referred to as a “bubble” in the beginning of the 1980s?
There was a sub-culture and underground scene there that was separated from the rest of the country and could survive only there.
