face

Neurocranium and Viscerocranium

• Bony case surrounding the brain and its coverings (calvaria and cranial base)
• - temporal, parietal, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital

• Bones of the face associated with the pharyngeal arches
• - maxilla, inferior nasal concha, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, lacrimal, ethmoid, vomer

• Articulates with temporal bone at temporomandibular joint
• - Processes: alveloar (houses teeth), coronoid (muscle insertion), condylar (supports mandibular condyle)

Frontal, maxilla, zygomatic, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, palatine

Superior orbital fissure, inferior orbital fissure, optic foramen, opening of nasolacrimal canal

• External opening of nasal cavities
• - Nasal bone (superiorly)
• - Maxilla (everywhere else)
• - Septum- vomer (inferiorly), perpendicular plate of ethmoid (superiorly)
• - Nasal conchae- curved bony plates on wall to increase surface area for mucosa; superior (ethmoid), middle (ethmoid), inferior (separate)

depression on side of braincase that accommodates the temporalis muscle

Ridges of muscle attachment for temporalis muscle and temporal fascia

• Arch of bone made up of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone
• - attachment for masseter muscle and temporal fascia

• Supports frontal lobes and olfactory bulbs, forms root of orbit
• - back edge is sphenoidal crest

• Supports temporal bones laterally
• - medial part is called sella turcica, surrounded by anterior and posterior clinoid processes, pit at center (hyposphyseal fossa) supports pituitary gland

• Supports cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
• - Starts at petrous ridge

• On midline
• - Premature closure results in a long and narrow skull- scaphocephaly

• In frontal plane
• - Premature closure results in short skull- brachycephaly

• curves laterally and ventrally from posterior end of sagittal suture
• - between occipital and parital bones

Between temporal and parietal bone

on midline, between left and right frontal bone

• Region on side of cranium where parietal, frontal, sphenoid, and temporal bones meet
• - vulnerable to injury becasue middle meningeal artery runs inside the cranium here

Where coronal suture meets sagittal suture- anterior fontanelle

Where lambdoid suture meets sagittal suture- posterior fontanelle

Area between the eyebrows- vertical creases

• Superior and inferior palpebrae
• - slit- palpebral fissure
• - angles- medial and lateral canthi

septal, lateral, alar

vermillion

groove running from nasal septum to upper lip

• Orbital group
• - orbital- peripheral portion arising from orbital margin and medial palpebral ligament
• - palpebral- from medial palpebral ligament through both lids to insert on lateral palpebral raphe
• - lacrimal- courses posterior to lacrimal sac, aids in tear collection

• Nasal group
• - from maxilla to side of nose and insert on skin of upper lip
• - elevates upper lip and dilates the nostril

• Oral group
• - arises from maxilla at inferior margin of orbit, deep to obicularis oculi and courses inferiorly to insert on the lateral half of the upper lip
• - elevates the upper lip

• Oral group
• - arises from zygomatic bone in front of zygomaticus major and passes obliquely downward to insert on lateral part of upper lip
• - elevates upper lip

• Oral group
• - arises from zygomatic bone and passes obliquely downward to insert at corner of mouth
• - pulls mouth upward and outward, as in smiling and laughing

• Oral group
• - arises from maxilla and passes downward and laterally to insert on the corner of the mouth
• - lies deep to levator labii superioris
• - elevates the corner of the mouth

• Oral group
• - arises from the parotid fascia and buccal skin and inserts onto the corner of the mouth
• - widens the mouth

• Oral group
• - arises from mandible and fibers pass upwards to insert on angle of mouth
• - triangular in shape- fibers converge on mouth
• - depresses the corner of the mouth- grief

• Oral group
• - arises from mandible and the fibers pass upward and medially to insert on the lower lip
• - medial fibers cross
• - depresses lower lip and draws it laterally

• Oral group
• - arises from incisive fossa of the mandible and inserts into skin of the chin
• - rasies and protrudes the lower lip

• Oral group
• - formed by interlacing fibers of other muscles as well as buccinator
• - also from intrinsic fibers within the substance of the lips
• - fibers encircle the oral orifice
• - closure, pursing, and protrusion of the lips

• Oral group
• - arises from pterygomandibular raphe but also from maxilla and mandible and its fibers pass forward to insert onto mouth
• - forms substance of cheek
• - aids in mastication, whistling, and blowing
• - pierced by parotid duct

around ears, rudimentary

• arises from the superficial fascia of skin of thorax and courses upward through the neck to insert onto lower part of face
• - wrinkles skin of neck and face, also active in sudden, deep inspiration

• occipitalis- arises from acciptal bone and inserts into the epicranial aponeurosis
• --pulls scalp posteriorily and wrinkles posterior scalp
• frontalis- arises from epicranial aponeurosis and inserts into skin over forehead
• --wrinkles skin over forehead

• emerges from stylomastiod foramen, pierces the parotid gland and emerges as 5 branches which supply the facial muscles
• - bell's palsy

• cutaneous supply of face
• - ophthalmic division
• - maxillary division
• - mandibular division

• sensory to forehead, upper eyelid, and much of nose
• - supraorbital- emerges through supraorbital foramen (forehead and upper lid)
• - supratrochlear- emerges from upper medial angle of eye (medial eye and forehead)

• sensory to lower eyelid, prominence of cheek, ala of nose, part of temple, and upper lip
• - infraorbital- emerges though infraorbital foramen

• sensory to skin over mandible, lower lip, fleshy part of cheek, part of auricle, part of temple
• - motor branches to mucles of mastication
• - mental- emerges via mental foramen (mandible, lower lip)
• - buccal- emerges exteral to buccinator (cheek skin and mucus membrane)
• - auriculotemporal- course with superficial temporal vessels (face and scalp in temporal region)