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What is the valence bond theory?
Only half-filled orbitals that constructively interfere can make bonds
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What is amplitude?
How high the wave is from zero
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What is the frequency of a wave?
The cycles per second
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Do waves move at different speeds?
No, they all move at the speed of light
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Wavelength & Frequency have a(n) _______ relationship.
- An inverse relationship
- Smaller wavelength = greater freq. = high energy
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What is the wave particle duality?
Light acts as particles
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Give the definition for constructive interference of waves.
Adding together waves that move in the same direction. The wave will still have the same energy because frequency stays the same
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Give the definition of destructive interference.
When two different waves destroy each other or cancel each other out (positive & negative amplitude come together)
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When e- release energy coming back down to ground state, what is the energy (light) released as?
A photon
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How many e- can an orbital hold?
2
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How many shapes does the 's' level have?
1
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How many shapes does the 'p' level have?
3 - px, py, pz
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How many shapes does the 'd' level have?
5 - dxy, dyz, dxz, dz^2, dx^2-y^2
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What is the Aufbau Principle?
The lowest energy orbitals are filled 1st
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What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
Only 2 e- per orbital
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What is Hund's Rule?
If equal energy orbitals are available, then 1 e- per orbital & then start doubling up
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What is the outer e- configuration?
What's written to the right. Of the noble gas shortcut (everything)
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What is the valence e- configuration?
- The outermost e- in the outermost shell
- E.G. Se: [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p4
- Valence: 4s2 4p4
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What elements are the exceptions for the orbital diagrams/electron configurations?
- 4th & 9th column of transition metals of the 1st two rows
- Rules: Mo: [Kr] 5s2 4d4
- Act.: Mo: [Kr] 5s1 4d5
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Why do exceptions exist in writing/drawing orbitals?
To complete stability. Needs a full subshell or a half filled one
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Where will transition metals lose e- from 1st?
From the 's' orbital
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What are the two types of bonds?
Sigma & Pi
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Why do we hybridize molecules?
To get the correct geometry
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What is a Pi bond?
A double bond
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What is a Sigma bond?
All bonds (single & double)
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A central atom that has a 'sp' hybridization has a(n) _________ geometry.
Linear (with 2 unhybridized 'p' bonds) 180*
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A central atom that has a 'sp2' hybridization has a(n) __________ geometry.
Trigonal Planar (with 1 unhybridized 'p' bond) 120*
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A central atom that has a 'sp3' hybridization has a(n) ________ geometry.
Tetrahedral (with 0 unhybridized 'p' bonds) 109.5*
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A central atom that has a 'sp3d' hybridization has a(n) ___________ geometry.
Trigonal Bipyramidal (with 0 unhybridized 'p' bonds) 90*, 120*, 180*
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A central atom that has a 'sp3d2' hybridization has a(n) ____________ geometry.
Octahedral (with 0 unhybridized 'p' bonds) 90*
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The hybridization scheme depends on the number of _____ the molecule makes
Bonds
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If the central atom has a 4 bonds, what would the hybridization scheme be?
sp3
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In hybridization, each orbital (s,p, etc) accounts for how many bonds?
1 bond each. If the central atom has a hybridization scheme of sp3d, there would be 5 bonds formed.
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True or false: Electrons are between the nuclei in a sigma bond but there is no electron density directly between the nuclei in a pi bond.
True
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Electrons were proven to have a wave nature when __________.
A beam of e- made an interference pattern when passed through a double slit
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