Closest to the point of attachment; closer to the trunk
Proximal
Farthest from the point of attachment; farther from the trunk
Distal
Closest to the surface of the skin
Superficial
Farthest from the surface of the skin
Deep
The front surface of the body
Anterior
(ventral)
The back surface of the patient
Posterior
(dorsal)
Turning the palms upward (toward the sky)
Supination
Turning the palms downward (toward the ground)
Pronation
The planes of the body:
Frontal/Coronal
Front & Back
The planes of the body:
Transverse/Axial
Top & bottom
The planes of the body:
Sagittal/Lateral
Left & right
The product of of slicing an object across or perpendicular to its long axis, as you would do if you wanted to count rings in a tree trunk
Cross Section
A view of an object cut along its long axis
Longitudinal Section
A position in which the patient is on a backboard or stretcher with the feet 6" to 12" higher than the head
Trendelenburg Position
Contraindications to the shock position:
Pelvic fracture
Severe chest injury
Severe head injury
A semi reclining position with the head elevated to help them breathe easier and to control airway, with the knees bent or straight
Fowlers Position
Head and torso supine, lower extremities
elevated 6" to 12" to increase blood flow to the brain
Shock Position
Lying on side, bottom arm extended straight with head lying on it
Top knee is bent, angling body slightly toward floor
Recovery position
The human body is primarily made up of
four major types of tissue:
Epithelial tissues
Connective tissues
Muscle tissues
Nervous tissues
Covers the surface of the skin and organs
Forms the inner lining of the body’s cavities
Lines hollow organs
Epithelial (ep·i·the·li·um)
Epithelia perform four essential functions:
Physical protection
Permeability
Sensation
Specialized secretions
The three basic components of Connective tissue:
Specialized cells
Extracellular protein fibers
A fluid known as Ground substance
Tissues that bind, support, protect, frame, and fill body structures; they also store fat, produce blood cells, repair tissues, and protect against infection
Connective tissues
Contractile tissue consisting of filaments of actin and myosin, which slide past each other, shortening cells
Muscle tissues
Types of muscle tissue:
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
A tissue specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses from one region of the body to another
Nervous tissues
Organ systems
Skeletal Integumentary
Muscular Digestive
Respiratory Endocrine
Circulatory Unrinary
Lymphatic Genital
Nervous
Long bones (6)
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Ulna
Radius
Humerus
Short bones
− Bones of wrist
− Bones of ankle
Flat bones
− Some skull bones
− Ribs
− Sternum
− Scapulae
Long bones consists of:
Diaphysis (shaft)
Epiphyses (ends)
Epiphyseal (growth plate)
Diaphysis
(di·aph·y·ses)
Shaft of the long bone
Epiphyses
(e·piph·y·ses)
Ends of the long bone
Epiphyseal
(e pi·physe·al)
Growth plate of the long bone
What covers external surfaces of the body?
1) Sebaceous gland
2) Germinal layer
3) Submucosa
4) Epidermis
4) Epidermis
Peripheral nerves receive signals from the body and send commands to the body originating from what part of the body?
Spinal chord
What is the maintenance of a stable internal physiologic environment known as?
Homeostasis
Movement of a solvent from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration is known as:
Osmosis
What is adequate tissue oxygenation known as?
1) Metabolism
2) Perfusion
3) Circulation
4) Ventilation
2) Perfusion
A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody. Antigens include toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs.
Antigen
What binds a specific antigen so that the complex can attach itself to specialized immune cells?
Antibody
An allergy is a hypersensitivity reaction to the presence of an:
Allergen
The primary cells of the immune system are the:
Lymphocytes
An organic compound found widely in animals and plants that in humans and other mammals is released as part of the body's immune response, causing physiological changes including dilation of the blood vessels, contraction of smooth muscle (as in the airways), and increased gastric acid secretion. The itching and sneezing typical of respiratory allergies are caused by the release
Histamine
If a patient is having irregular respiratory patterns, what part of the body is most likely injured?
Pons
A thick band of nerve fibers in the brainstem of humans and other mammals that links the brainstem to the cerebellum and upper portions of the brain. It is important in the reflex control of involuntary processes, including respiration and circulation. All neural information transmitted between the spinal cord and the brain passes through this.
Pons
What type of membrane covers all external surfaces of the body?
Cutaneous membrane
How many bones in the human body
206
The skull has how many bones
28
The 3 anatomic groups of the skull:
Auditory ossicles
Cranium
Face
The broad front part of the skull, forming the forehead and a horizontal portion that forms the roofs of the orbital and nasal cavities.
Frontal Bone
Either of a pair of compound bones forming the sides and base of the skull
Temporal bone
a curved, compound bone forming the back and part of the base of the skull
Occipital bone
Bones of the ear
Ossicles:
* Hammer (malleus)
* Anvil (incus)
* Stirrup (stapes)
The Spinal column is composed of how many bones
33
List the sections of the spinal column
Cervical spine: 7
Thoracic spine: 12
Lumbar spine: 5
Sacrum: 5
Coccyx: 4
The first cervical vertebra (C1)
Called the atlas
− Provides support for the head
The second cervical vertebra (C2)
Known as the axis
− Located at the point at which the head rotates left and right.
The Thorax consists of; and its function is:
12 pairs of ribs
• Protects organs within the thorax
• Prevents collapse of the chest during breathing
_____________ investigates the body's structure, whereas __________ investigates the processes or functions of living things.
Anatomy, physiology
Which organ system removes substances from the blood, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fat from the digestive tract?A)endocrine
B)integumentary
C)lymphatic
D)respiratory
E)urinary
C)lymphatic
Which organ system consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands?
Integumentary
Which organ system consists of hormone-secreting glands, such as the pituitary and thyroid glands?
Endocrine
A plane that runs vertically through the body and divides it equally into right and left portions.
Midsagittal plane
In which quadrant of the abdomen would stomach pain most likely be felt?
Upper left
The space between the lungs, in the center of the chest, that contains the heart, trachea, mainstem bronchi, part of the esophagus, and large blood vessels
Mediastinum
The lungs are separated by the
A) mediastinum.
The shin bone, the larger of the two bones of the lower leg
Tibia
The long bone on the lateral aspect of the lower leg
