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Quantitative Measures
Temporal (relating to time).
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Qualitative Measures
Observational
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Observational Gait Analysis (OGA)
- 1. Used for gross movement.
- 2. Plane of view dependent.
- 3. Watch same body part and follow sequential body segments until completed with view
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Spatial and Temporal Measures
Quantitive measures of space/distance and time.
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Measuring Equipment
Accelerometers, walk way with inbedded switches, electrogoniometers, motion analyzers
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Variables
- 1. Ground reaction forces.
- - Measurement of forces in 3 planes
- 2. Foot pressure distribution.
- 3. Center of pressure.
- - Measure of stability static or dynamic
- 4. Joint Torques
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Kinematic Gait Analysis
- 1. Description of movement patterns.
- - No regard for forces causing movements.
- - Description of whole body or parts.
- - Qualitative or quantitative.
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Most Common Gait Analysis
Rancho Los Amigos gait description
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Purpose of Gait Analysis
- 1. ID deviations
- 2. Examine balance, energy expenditure, endurance, and safety
- 3. Determine effectiveness of treatment
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Stance Phase
When foot is on the ground. Has three periods: initial double stance, single limb support, and terminal stance. (60% of the phase)
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Swing Phase
When the foot is not in contact with the ground (40%)
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Double Support Time
When both LEs are in contact with the floor (20% of cycle)
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Single Stance
Entire body weight on one LE.
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Stride
One complete cycle
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Cadence
speed (WNL= 95 step/min)
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Step Length
Distance from HS of one foot to HS of opposite foot.
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Weight Acceptance (Initial Contact and Loading Response)
Most demanding of tasks: shock absorption, limb stability, and progression.
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Initial Contact (Heel Strike)
Moment foot briefly touches floor. Determines how leading will occur.
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Loading Response (Foot Flat)
- 1. Double stance
- 2. Ends when opposite LE off floor (contralateral toe off).
- 3. Absorbs shock.
- 4. Weight-bearing stability.
- 5. Preserve progression
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Single Limb Support: Mid-stance and Heel Off
Opposite foot in swing, one limb FWB, frontal and sagittal plane stability required.
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Mid-Stance
- 1. Initial part of single limb support
- 2. Progression over stationary foot.
- 3. Limb and trunk stability needed.
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Heel Off (Terminal Stance)
- 1. Continued single limb support.
- 2. Heel rise until opposite foot strikes ground.
- 3. Body must continue forward progression beyond the supporting LE.
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Limb Advancement: Pre-swing(Toe-Off), Initial Swing (acceleration), Mid-Swing, and Terminal Swing (Deceleration)
During stance begin to prepare for limb advancement (swing)
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Pre-swing (Toe-Off)
- 1. Terminal double stance interval.
- 2. Begins with IC of opposite limb and ends with toe-off
- 3. Preparing for swing.
- 4. Not contributing to weight transfer to opposite limb
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Initial Swing (Acceleration)
- 1. First 1/3rd of swing.
- 2. Beings with foot off floor. (toe off)
- 3. Ends when foot opposite stance foot. (max knee flexion)
- 4. Floor clearance
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Mid-Swing
- 1. Begins with limb opposite stance limb (max knee flex)
- 2. Ends with limb forward and tibia vertical.
- 3. Limb advancement complete and leg ahead of thigh.
- 4. Prepare limb for stance.
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Terminal Swing (Deceleration)
- 1. Begins with tibia vertical.
- 2. Ends with foot striking floor.
- 3. Limb advancement complete and leg ahead of thigh.
- 4. Prepare limb for stance.
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Maintaining Stability
Body segments fall toward ground unless restrained.
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Knee CT Used for Gait Control
Balance of ligament and muscle.
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Hip CT Used for Gait Control
Balance of ligament and muscle.
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Ankle CT Used for Gait Control
Just muscle.
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Whats Needs With Body Weight Ahead of Foot?
PF needed to retrain forward fall of body.
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During Single Limb Support Body Weight....
Shifts laterally over limb and the hip abducts to prevent pelvic drop.
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Progression: Basic Purpose of Locomotor System
- 1. Requires forward fall of body weight.
- 2. Also requires forward swing of contralateral LE.
- 3. At the end of step weight is caught by contralateral LE.
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