social

political system in which all decisions related to governing the state are made by a small group of people or by one person

a form of decision making whereby individuals in a group share ideas, solution, and concerns to find a resolution that all member of the group can accept

a form of democratic government in which people participate directly in political decision making.

• an electoral system in which the candidate with the most votes in an electoral district win the election.
• This system is often contrasted with proportional representation, an alternative electoral method  used in many liberal democraticies.

organization that seek to influence elected officials. Their goals is to encourage legislation that reflects their specific beliefs or values, or to prevent passage of legislation that does not reflect their values

the idea that all members of a political party should be loyal to and support the official decisions of their party, and vote according to their party's position on an issue

a direct vote by citizens on a specific question submitted to them by their government to determine their wishes

a system of voting where citizens vote directly for a party, and then representatives of each party are assigned to the legislature based on that party's share of popular support. This result in a fairly accurate representation within the legislature of the will of the people

a special vote in which all eligible citizens mat vote on an important issue put to them by a government. This is a form a of direct democracy.

• Rep-by-Pop
• a form of political representation in which a country is divided into voting districts or electoral ridings, with most containing approximately the same number of votes

a form of democratic government  in which citizens elect candidates to represent them in government and to make decisions on their behalf often contrasted with direct democracy

the collective wishes of the people of state. A democratically elected government will usually attempt to determine these wishes and make decisions based on them

government-funded services and assistance, which can help people through bad economic times

• an economic system in which free-market principles are combined with some degree of government intervention, usually to regulate industry, moderate the boom-and bust nature of the free-market business cycle, and offer social welfare programs
• government owns some key industries

• an economic system that operate with limited government intervention.
• question regarding production and pricing of goods and services are decide through the free interaction of producers and comsumer

• communism is a command economy 
• government has high control over the economy 
• centrally planned economy or public enterprise

• 1. government --> studies and planning what the needs of society are 
• 2. government owns ans sets quotas as to how much to make and service 
• 3.base of the needs of people's and governmental goals 
• 4. leaders and planning group (central planner)

• is a theoretical concept and no true free market economies 
• capitalism, Laissez-faire economy, and private enterprise

• 1. supply and demands 
• 2. companies decides to fulfill demand and make the most profits 
• 3. those that can afford to buy 
• 4. marketplace

• there are some government intervention 
• combined with free-market and command economy

• 1. Supply and demand, if business do not provide an important good and service to society government would step in  
• 2. both 
• 3. those who can afford to pay, but those that cannot government provides social safety net
• 4. supply and demand, but government can step in

an ideology hat holds that all people should be treated as equals and have the same political, civil, economic, and social rights under the law

the idea that all people should earn equal income for work of similar value and that people with larger incomes should pay taxes at a higher rate than people with lower incomes.

companies with exclusive獨家 ownership or control of trade in a particular product or service, allowing them to control prices

a system in which a person's tax rate increases as his or her earnings increase. This type of taxation system aims to lessen the tax burden on those who have lower income.

• a tax system in which taxpayers at all levels of income are taxed at the same rate. 
• It is often contrasted with progressive taxes, where those who earn more pay a greater percentage of their income in taxes than do those who earn less.

• Roosevelt's president of US believed that wealth brought with it responsibility to those in less fortunate
• New Deal: government invested a lot of money and effort in the economy

a series of economic measure introduced by Roosevelt during the Great Depression, which increased the roe of the government in the economy

providing many social programs and services for all its citizens from birth until death.

• Direct Democracy
• people participate directly in decisions that need to be made, which can be very time consuming
• people are in charge of the decisions made for the society 
• Representative Democracy  
• elect candidates to represent their values and beliefs in government and to make decisions on their behalf 
• there are different levels of government in which the representatives debate issues, make decisions and have specific responsibilities

they allow individuals to voice their opinions

• power is held by the leader 
• individual rights and freedoms are not valued 
• political participation is limited or controlled 
• usually one party, are not allow to free tun against them 
• dissent or speaking our against leader is not tolerated 
• media are censored 
• brain wash the youth 
• military and police have a lot of power to enforce the will of the leader

is a form of government where a king or queen inherits the right to rule

• the most common form of authoritarian government 
• control all key political positions
• civilians老百姓 are seldom allowed to have any real power

• form of government in which a small group of people have political control over the majority of the population
• . Probablythe best known example of minority tyranny in the 20th century is that ofthe National Party government in South Africa (1948–1994), during whichonly white South Africans were allowed citizenship and full political rights.The South African government at this time used an “apartheid” system thatdivided people based on race. Under the apartheid system, it withdrew landownership, mobility rights, and many other rights from non-white SouthAfricans. Although the South African government at this time alloweddifferent political parties and held elections, only members of the whiteminority could vote and run for offic

• A referendum is binding, meaning the results must be carried through by the government.
• A Plebiscite is not binding and the government can choose to ignore the results.

• party members are free to vote as they choose rather than with their parties in
• usually about controversial issues on which the party cannot agree to a party policy

a democratic form of government in which the party (or a coalition of parties) with the greatest representation in the parliament forms the government, with its leader becoming prime minister. It is responsible to a majority of the elected members of the legislative assemblyand to the head of state

a document entrenched in the Constitutional Act, 1982 that lists and describes the fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed toCanadians

the act originally passed by the British Parliament (also known as the British North America Act, 1867) that established Canada and its form of government. It served as Canada’s constitution until 1982,when it became the basis for the Constitution Act of 1982,passed by the Canadian Parliament. The Constitution Act of 1982 includes, among other things, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and a description of the collective rights of Canada’s Aboriginal peoples.

a human rights code that was passed by the National Assembly of Québec in 1975.It includes protection of fundamental rights and freedoms and of political, equality, judicial, economic, and social rights.

• 1. to represent the Crown in Canada 
• guarantee we have a prime minister 
• signs official documents 
• summons parliament 
• gives assent to bills

• 2. represent all Canadians and support our Sovereignty
• acts as commander and chief to the armed forces
• receives guests and dignitaries 

• 3. to celebrate excellence 
• gives awards and recognize the achievement of Canadians 

• 4. bring Canadians together
• promote national unity 
• listens and meet Canadians

not affiliated (connected) to any political party

• appointed by the queen and chosen by the prime minister 
• to expensive to maintain 
• unnecessary and outdated

same as the governor general except that they work at a provincial level 

• not elected and can serve until 75
• do not have to show up and still get paid 
• just vote they away the political party that put them in votes

• do not have to be elected they can stay true to beliefs and take long term positions 
• created engaging reports

• WWI 
• WWII 
• The FLQ Crisis

power to arrest and detain or help anyone suspected of being disloyal to Canada or sympathetic to the enemy 

majority were civilians rather than prisoners of war 

• keep in campus and required to report to local authorities every month 
• had right taken away

• In war with Japan, Italy and Germany
• Japanese were forced to leave their communities and relocate

• replaced the war measure act
• give grater protection to individuals rights and freedoms

• public welfare - natural disasters 
• public order - threat to the security to Canada
• international - threat to Canadian sovereignty
• war - war or other armed conflict involving Canada or any of its allies

宣布敵方外星人