anatomy lecture 4

passage for food, air and the resonating chamber

starts inside the nose and ends at the soft palate and serves as a passageway for air only

begins at the soft palate and ends at the hyoid bone. carries both food and air

begins at the hyoid bone and extends to the esophagus and larynx

resonating chamber containing the vocal cords that allows us to make sound and is supported by elastic cartilage

tube that extends from the larynx to the t-5 location and is positioned anterior to the esophagus. the cartilaginous rings that line it are there to keep it from collapsing and is in a C shape to allow the esophagus to fit in behind it

the divisions of the trachea

2 large branches from the trachea that go left and right

smaller branches with 3 on the right and 2 on the left

smaller branches that contain less cartilage

smaller branches that do not have cartilage but do have smooth muscle that can cause dilation or contraction

very small tubes found in the lungs that lead into the respiratory bronchioles

microscopic tubules that carry air into the alveoli

small, grape like clusters at the end of the respiratory bronchioles where the exchange of respiratory gases take place. they are surrounded by capillary beds to allow for this exchange

large, spongy structures that contain the bronchi. divided into lobes with 3 lobes in the right and 2 in the left.

a membrane attached to the wall of the pleural cavity

a membrane attached to the surface of the lungs. these membranes secrete a liquid like lubricant to reduce friction between the lungs and surrounding tissue as the lungs fill and empty with air

central regulatory of respiration center in the brainstem

under resting conditions these centers produce a normal rate and depth of respirations (12 to 18 per minute)

as conditions in the body vary, these centers can alter the activity of the medullary centers, thus adjusting breathing rhythm

influenced by information from sensory receptors located in other body areas

voluntary (but limited) control of respiratory activity

respond to changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen and blood acid levels; located in carotid and aortic bodies

respond to the stretch in lungs, thus protecting respiratory organs from over inflation

thin lining on the inside of the digestive tract that secretes mucous to keep the tract moist

a region in the mucosa containing two layers of smooth muscle. the inner layer is circular while the outer layer is longitudinal. the contraction of these two layers of muscle allow for the movement of the inside of the digestive tract

a layer of connective tissue beneath the mucosa that contains blood vessels, nerves and lymph ducts

a region that contains two layers of smooth muscles the inner layer is circular while the outer layer is longitudinal. the contraction of these muscles allows for the movement of food passing through the digestive tract that is called peristalsis

the outer layer or covering of the digestive tract except for pharynx, esophagus, mouth, rectum.

a hollow tube structure that connects the mouth to the stomach. it passes through the thoracic cavity behind the trachea and then enters the abdominal cavity through the esophageal hiatus

an opening in the diaphragm

the region of the superior medial portion of the stomach where it attaches to the esophagus

the region lateral to the cardia and is the most superior portion of the stomach

the area below that fundus down the curve of the J shape of the stomach. this is where most of the mixing occurs between the food and the gastric juices

the curve part of the J shape. it is attached to the small intestine

a muscular valve that regulates how much chyme leaves the stomach and enters the intestine

large folds of the stomach tissue inside the stomach. allows the stomach to stretch when it gets full and then contract and get smaller when it is empty

the primary role is to finish the process of chemical digestion of the food and to then absorb the nutrients into the body

folds within the small intestine that are permanent unlike the ruage of the stomach. their purpose is to increase the surface area within the intestine to increase the ability to absorb nutrients

small finger like projections that cover the surface of the plicae circulares to further increase the surface area of the intestinal wall

the first section after the stomach separated by the pyloric sphincter. it is the shortest and widest section of the small intestine and is the location where the chyme and digestive enzymes mix together for the final part of digestion

the second region of the small intestine where final chemical digestion occurs and nutrient absorption occurs

the final section being the longest and continues the function of the absorption of nutrients. ends at the ileocecal valve

controls the flow of material from the small intestine into the cecum and the large intestine

responsible for some absorption of nutrients but mostly for the reabsorption of water from the indigestible material passing through

both an endocrine and exocrine gland that secretes a mixture of digestive enzymes called pancreatic juice into the duodenum. also secretes hormones as part of the endocrine system.

breaks down starch

breaks down proteins

breaks down fats

attaches the liver to the abdominal wall

consists of a large left and right lobe and two smaller quadate and caudate lobes. functions include production of bile, storage of excess glucose in the form of glycogen, and to detoxify the blood

a small sac on the inferior surface of the liver that stores bile which is used to emulsify fats and help with their absorption

produced by salivary glands. helps break down starch molecules into smaller fragments

produced by gastric glands. breaks down proteins into smaller chains of amino acids

loose connective tissue in the center of the tooth that contains the blood vessels and nerves

calcified connective tissue that covers the surface of the roots of teeth

a ligament that anchors the tooth in the bony socket

the gums

an infection of the tissue around the teeth due to excess plaque and often results in the loss of teeth