Biology

• 1. phospholipds
• 2. cholesterol
• 3. proteins
• 4. glycocalyx

two layers of phospholipids: the fatty acid chains point towards each other

Integral proteins are bound to the hydrophobic layer and peripheral proteins aren't.

• structural support
• recognition
• communication
• transporting proteins

Carbohydrate chains are attached to membrane proteins or to phospholipid molecules. It's function is to serve as a binding site for other molecules.

Keeps some small molecules from enetering. Helps maintain the membrane's fluidity.

this molle comptualization views the membrane as a fliud phospholuipid bilayer that has within it a mosaic of stationary and mobile proteins

passive transportation doesn't require energy to move substances across the cell membrane but active transport does.

mvement of molecvules or ions form a region of higher concentration to lower concentration. concentration gradient-a difference between solute concentrations.

facilitated diffusion is diffusion through cell membrane that utilizes a transport protein. simple diffusion is diffusion through cell membrane w/o a special protein.

water and lipids can move across but larger substances that carry -/+ cannot.

the net mnovement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration.

• the cell water moves out
• water moves in
• water is balanced

the size and sign of the moleecule

endocytosis moving large substances INTO cell. Exocytosis moving large substance OUT of cell

pinocytosis pinching off a vesicle to capture material

• one side of the plasma membrane is more -/+ than the other.
• 3 Na+ ions are pumped out of cell
• 2 K+ ions are pumped into cell

• cells are beasic units of structure and function for ALL living things
• All living things are composed of one or more cells
• Cells come from pre-existing cells

• eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and a membrane bound organlelles.
• they both have kingdoms and are unicellular

• nulcues
• organelles
• cytosol- jellylike fliud inside of cell
• cytoskeleton
• plasma membrane

• houses our DNA
• the site of DNA replication and transcription

where RNA is produced

the site of protein synthesis (translation) in the cell

• cell structure
• cell movement
• transport of materials within the cell

processes and distributes proteins that come to it for RER

uses enzymes to digest worn-out organelles or foreign materials that enter a cell (animal cells)

the powerhouse of the cell- where ATP is produced (cell fuel)

• processes the proteins for export from the cell
• folding polypeptide

• detoxifies harmful substances
• ex. detoxifies alcohol

• stores nutrients
• stores H+ ions to allow plant cell to maintain
• stores waste products only they can be degraded
• stores waste which allows a plant cell to maintain a healthy internal pressure

the site of photosynthesis in plant and algae cells

• provide structural strength rigidty
• protection

• micrpfilaments-allows changes in cell shape
• intermediate filaments-help cell to maintain its shape; stabilizes the position of the nucleus to there organelles
• micrtubles
• -determining the shape of cell
• -movement of vesicles
• -form the underlying structures needed for cililia and flagella which aid in cell mobility

• cilia- hairlike extensions that propel a cell or sweep material around the cell
• flagella- a tail like extension that function in cell movement

• plasmodesmata-tiny permanent channels in plant cell walls that link plamt cells topgether
• gap junctions- integral plasma membrane proteins tha line  up and form temporary channels for small molecular ions to pass through

• DNA
• mRNA
• Ribosome
• Rough ER
• Golgi complex
• Transport vesicle

• protein- ploymers made of amino acids
• polypeptide chains- bond that link amino acids