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this is the sum of SVC and RV.
Total Lung Capacity
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What is the normal predicted TLC.
80-120%
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TLC is obtained by one opf four ways. What are the four ways?
Body Plethysmography ( body box), Open circuit nitrogen wash out, closed circuit helium dilution, or x-ray planimetry
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TLC test that measures all the gases in the chest
Body Plethsmography
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What are the two volumes of gas that are concidered in the body box
gas in the box and gas in the lungs
-
These are the flows that are routinely identified.
FEV1, FEV3, FEF25%-75%, PEF
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Measures the maximal volume of air exhaled during the first second of expiration.
FEV1
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Normal FEV1 is what percentage of FVC?
75%
-
this is the 3-second point of the expiratory curve. itr is not reproducible as the FEV1.
FEV3
-
what is the normal FEV3 of FVC?
95%
-
This measures the middle half of the expiratory curve.
FEF25%-75%
-
normal range or FEF25%-75%
65-100%
-
is the maximum flow rate achieved by the patient during the FVC maneuver.
Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF)
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a simple and convient test of expiratpry flow rate used to evaluate severity of bronchospasm and responce to treatment.
PEF
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This measurement requires the patioent to breathe as rapidly and deeply as possible for 12-15 secs.
Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV)
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This reflects the status of the respiratory muscles, compliance of the thorax-lung complex, and airway resistance, amd normal values widley and vary.
MVV
-
are presented with volume plotted on the horizontal axis and flow on the vertical.
Flow Volume Loops.
-
Amount of increase from a bronchodialtor in FVC
increase >10%
-
Amount of increase from bronchodialtor in FVC1?
Increase of 200mL or 15% over baseline
-
Amount of increase from bronchodialtor in FEF25%-75%?
20-30% increase
-
The ability of gas to diffuse across the alveolar-capillary membrane can be measured and is know as?
Diffusion Capacity DL
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Alveolar-capillary membrane diseases such as emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, or pulmonary embolus does what to the DL?
reduces it
-
Diseases that increase Hb such as hemosiderosis will do what to DL?
Increase it
-
The most common causes of reduced DLCO is?
emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis
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Normally Raw is greater on ____ than _____. (breathing)
exhalation Inhalation
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this is defined as volume change per unit of pressure change. Measures tthe relative stiffness of the lungs
Compliance
-
The ratio of CO2 produced to oxygen consumed is called
respiratory quotient.
-
One of the most frquent uses for RQ is?
to figure out wich food are being used for energy
-
if the RQ is 0.7 what is the energy source?
fats
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if the RQ is 1.0 what is the energy source?
carbohydrates
-
-
Exercise test: used for the nininvasive detection of coronary artery disease.
ECG
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Exercise Test: assesses the patients ability to respond to exercise with the appropriate increase in rate and depth opf ventilation.
Ventilary capcity
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Detects the Oxygenation, ventilation, and oxygen usage problems.
ABG
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Exercise Test: when the body is stressed with exercise, there is a point at which oxygen need exceeds availability.
Anaerobic threshold
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Exercise test: designed to identify the level of exercise that causes the patient to reach maximum oxygen consumption
Maximal oxygen uptake
-
These are techniques used to document bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Can be done with a histamine or methacholine
bronchoprovocation testing
-
is essential in patients with a history of lung disease, espicially if the surgery involves thoracic or upper abdominal surgery.
preoperative pulmonary function screening.
-
What are the two pulmonary abnormalities
obstructive and restrictive
-
is present when the expiratory flow is below normal
Obstructive disease
-
is present if the lung volume is below normal.
Restrictive disease
-
What classes of drugs can be aerosolized?
Bronchodilators and Corticosteroids
-
What is combivent?
albuterol and atrovent
-
Diseases that would benefit from Bronchodialators
any disease that is restrictive
-
These are electromagnetic waves yhat radiate from a tube through which an electic current has been passed.
X-Rays
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The eclectrons are focused to hit a small area on the anode, called?
Target
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this is generated by placing a sheet of film next to the patient's thorax opposite the xray tube.
CXR
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X-rays that pass through low-density tissue strike the film in great numbers and turn it black.
Radiolucent
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X-rays that strike bone are parcially absorbedm therefore fewer x-rays strike the film and there is less darkening of the corresponding area on the x-rays seen as white.
Radiopaque
-
These are the four densities recognized on the x-ray:
water, fat, bone, and air
-
Standard CXR are taken two ways:
Standing back tot tube and laying down.
-
When the xray leaves source, strikes the patients posterior chest, moves through the chest, exits the front onto the film. What kind of view is this?
posteroanterior (PA)
-
this xray view is when the patient is laying on their side to see whethere free fluid is present.
Lateral decubitus view
-
Projections made at apporoximately 45 degree tube angulation from below.
Apical lordotic
-
these views are helpful in delineating a pulmonary or mediastinal lesion from structures that overlie it on the PA and leteral views.
oblique views.
-
CXR taken when the patient exhalate fully.
Expiration film
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