PSY 312 final questions

One major difference between Erikson's psychosocial theory and Freud's psychosexual theory is Erikson's theory emphasizes the role of ______in development

In a historic experiment with Little Albert, John Watson demonstrated that

Piaget's ideas about cognitive development during infancy and toddlerhood were derived from

Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes the role of __________ in guiding children's responses to particular situations.

Two-year-old Victoria hugs an upset classmate in the same way that her parents hug her at home when she is upset.  According to social learning theory, Victoria likely learned this response to her classmate's distress through____

Vygotsky's theory focuses on

Cross-cultural research stimulated by Vygotsky's theory has shown that

At the microsystem level in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, one might examine the

In an experiment, the investigator manipulates the ______________ and observes its effects on the ____________

In a ________ design, a group of participants is studied repeatedly at different ages, and changes are noted as the participants mature.

In a study examining the development of pretend play, Professor Tomy observed two-, three-, four-, and five-year-olds on one occasion in a specially designed playroom.  The design of this study is ____

The findings of cross-sectional studies that cover a wide age span are MOST likely to be affected by what threats to validity?

According to research on resiliency, which of the following factors is associated with protection against the damaging effects of stressful life conditions

Genes are made up of

The crossing over and random sorting of chromosomes pairs during meiosis result in

The most common type of multiple births occurs when

Jim and Joanna are brother and sister, two years apart in age; Louis and Louisa are fraternal twins.  Which pair is genetically more similar?

Identical twins are created when

Down syndrome is most commonly caused by

Serious diseases are only rarely due to dominant alleles.  This is because

Why are males more likely to be negatively affected by X-linked inheritance traits

Improvement in emotional, social, and motor skills for children with Down syndrome can be attributed to

A heritability estimate of .8 for a certain trait suggests that differences in genetic makeup explain ________ of the variation of the trait

Which of the following is true concerning donor insemination and in vitro fertilization?

An ethical concern with in vitro fertilization is that

What is true regarding the human genetic code

Which pair of sex chromosomes is present in males?

Fraternal, or dizygotic, twins

If the alleles from both parents are alike, the child is homozygous and

Polygenic inheritance, in which many genes affect the characteristic in question, is complex, and

What factor increases the risk of bearing a baby with Down syndrome?

Most children with sex chromosomes disorders

For several decades, donor insemination has has been

Which of the following is used to estimate the likelihood that parents will have a child with a genetic defect?

Women of advanced maternal age are prime candidates for

What is the most widely used prenatal diagnostic method?

Prenatal diagnosis has led to

In a study of internationally adopted children, _________ predicted cognitive and social competence at age 7.

The family is a network of interdependent relationships, within each person's behavior

When a marital relationship is warm and considerate,

Compared to their higher SES counterparts, lower-SES parents tend to

The empowerment that comes from education is associated with

Neighborhood resources have a greater impact on

In many African societies, newly married couples

Collectivist societies value an interdependent self, which stresses

Compared to other industrialized nations, the United States currently ranks  _______ in childhood poverty.

In the United States, _________ has/have made government hesitant to become involved in family matters.

The most common type of kinship study compares

What is perhaps the most serious criticism of heritability estimates?

Because walking is strongly canalized, it

Due to his athletic skill and interest, 16-year-old Gabriel plays sports year round.  Gabriel's decision to seek out athletic activities is an example of

Dr. Holloway believes that development takes place through ongoing, bidrectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment Dr. Holloway's belief is consistent with

In a study investigating the relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD symptoms in children, researchers found that

Between 1970 and 2008, the birth rate for American women in their thirties has

Radsheda wonders when she will first be able to feel her baby's movements.  You tell her that this should happen by

The age of viability occurs sometime between

The period of the _______ is the time when serious defects from teratogens are most likely to occur because ________ this time.

It is difficult to isolate the precise damage caused by a single illegal drug during pregnancy because

The most well-known effect of smoking during the prenatal period is

Which of the following is supported by research on alcohol use during pregnancy?

_________ supplementation around the time of conception greatly reduces abnormalities of the neural tube, such as spina bifida and anencephaly.

Infants born to mothers who delayed prenatal care to the end of pregnancy or who did not seek any at all are more likely to ______  than babies whose mothers received early prenatal care.

Which of the following is true regarding prenatal environments and health in later life?

________ is a drug used to treat acne that can cause severe multiple defects if taken during pregnancy.

An Apgar score ______________ indicates that the infant is in good physical condition.

The Apgar Scale rates characteristics of a newborn, including the baby's

One of the fundamental beliefs of prepared approaches is that birth is more likely to be problem free and rewarding when mothers

What is the difference between analgesic and anesthetic use during childbirth?

What is true regarding induced labors?

Cesarean delivery

_______ is the best available predictor of infant survival and healthy development.

The ______ reflex helps a breast-fed baby find his or her mother's nipple.

What is the newborn reflex that a caregiver can capitalize on to comfort a fussy baby?

Researchers believe that most newborn reflexes disappear during the first six months due to

When bottle-fed babies are given a choice between the smell of a mother's breast who is not nursing, they

"Recovery curves" on Brazelton's Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) are effective predictors of

Parents can reduce the likelihood of SIDS by

Infants of mothers suffering from postpartum depression

The cephalocaudal trend in development means that

At birth, the ________ is/are nearer than any other physical structure to its adult size.

Which of the following provides evidence for early brain plasticity?

What has research on breast-versus bottle-feeding supported?

Baby Jacob's mother is more likely to pick him up when he smiles than when he is fussy.  As a result, the frequency of Jacob's smiles has increased.  This is an example of

_______ is a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation.

________ is a powerful means by which infants can get to know people by matching their behavioral states.

What is an example of gross motor skill?

Parents who compare their children's motor development with standard charts such as the one in the textbook should keep in mind that

Gibson and Walk's research using the visual cliff indicates that sensitivity to depth first appears around the time that infants begin to

One possible explanation for the high frequency of bedtime struggles in American homes is that

Research shows that infant-parent cosleeping

Body fat peaks around _______ months and _______.

During infancy _______.  These sex differences will ________ during adolescence.

According to Piaget, during _____, children interpret experiences in terms of existing schemes, whereas in _______, old schemes are adjusted and new ones created to make sense of the environment.

Two-year-old Viola sees a hyena for the first time during a trip to the zoo and calls it a doggie.  According to Piaget's theory, Viola is most likely ________ the hyena into her dog scheme.

When baby Radsheda reaches for her pacifier, she accidently pushes it under her pillow.  Rather than searching for the pacifier under the pillow, Radshed cries.  One possibility why Radsheda does not search for the pacifier under the pillow is because she has not yet developed

According to Piaget, children's ability to experiment with actions inside their heads in substage six of sensorimotor period makes _____ and _______ possible.

The major difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories is that Vygotsky believed taht

According to Vygotsky, which of the following would be within a child's zone of proximal development?

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Researchers believe that the habituation/recovery response during infancy is effective at predicting later IQ because it

Research on child care in the United States and Canada shows that

In contrast to the United States and Canada, most European countries

What is likely to be among a toddler's first words?

Children prefer to listen to child-directed speech over other kinds of adult talk beginning at

In Erikson's theory, the conflicts of toddlerhood are resolved favorably when parents

Stranger anxiety is MOST likely to be elicited when an unfamiliar adult

Social referencing is important to children's development it allows parents to

Parents who wait to intervene until their baby has become extremely agitated

In the New York Longitudinal Study, Thomas and Chess

Marcus is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences.  In Thomas and Chess's research, Marcus would most likely be classified as

What research on temperament is supported?

Research on temperament shows that

John Bowlby advocated what explanations of human mother-infant attachment?

One-year old Molly often returns to her mother repeatedly for a hug an a kiss when playing with her toys on the family room floor.  According to Bowlby's theory, Molly is using her mother as a

In Bowlby's theory, an internal working model refers to

During the Strange Situation, a parent leaves the room in order to assess ________ and returns again to assess the infant's ______

Between 1 and 2 years of age, coordinated interaction appears largely in the form of

Myelinization of fibers linking the ____ to the
______ contributes to dramatic gains in motor control during the preschool
years.

extreme emotional deprivation can lead to what disorder?

a decline
in appetite during the preschool years

In industrialized nations, the rate of childhood
diseases has declined dramatically in the past 50 years, primarily as the result
of

Frequent episodes of otitis media hinder academic progress by

What two factors are MOST strongly associated with childhood injury?

To parents, fine motor progress in early
childhood is most apparent in what two areas?

By age 3, most children can

When Victoria draws a picture of a person, she draws a circular shape for the body and represents the arms and legs with lines.  She adds features such as eyes, mouth, hair,
and fingers.  Victoria is MOST likely how
old?

Three-year-old Donovan prints the letter D in his name backwards and seems quite satisfied with his erroneous creations?  What statement is most likely concerning
Donovan?

What is supported by research on sex differences in motor skills?

Children who spend more time in sociodramatic
play are

A child at the preoperational stage who is given Piaget’s three-mountains problem and asked to pick the picture that shows “what
the doll sees” would

Some researchers cite findings that show
children approach information processing tasks in similar, stage-consistent
ways, as long as the complexity of tasks and children’s exposure to them are
carefully controlled.  This would be
evidence that

According to Vygotsky, children speak to
themselves

Seth’s parents make sure to provide him with lots of rich, real-world experiences and restrict his television viewing to one hour of
“Sesame Street” per week.  What statement
about Seth is probably accurate?

One major difference between scaffolding and guided participation is that

According to Vygotsky, _________ is the ideal social activity for promoting cognitive development in early childhood.

Specifically regarding autobiographical memory, _____ engage in more _____ with their children.

Children’s active efforts to construct literacy
knowledge through informal experiences are called

What statement about the development of early childhood math knowledge is true?

Longitudinal studies found that university-based preschool interventions programs

In supporting children’s language acquisition, _______ is especially important
during early childhood.

Although her older sister consistently models
the ability to share, 3-year-old Kailyn remains possessive and constantly claims objects as “Mine!”.  Kailyn’s parents should know that Kailyn’s behavior

What type of preschooler will probably have the MOST difficulty accurately judging the emotions of others and solving disagreements?

Research shows that interventions designed to
teach social problem solving

What statement would likely be made by a parent using inductive discipline?

A great deal of research shows that punishment

What is a proactive disciplinary action that can
encourage good conduct in a child?

Cartoon TV shows designed specifically for
children

Research on TV watching and aggression has

What statement about preschool children’s
gender-stereotyped beliefs and behaviors is true?

An androgynous individual is one who

Baumrind found that three
features-___________-consistently differentiate an effective parenting style
from less effective ones.

The ______ parenting style is associated with
successful child development.

Research indicates that the MOST important factor in preventing mothers with childhood histories of abuse from repeating the cycle
with their own children is

Compared to the first 2 years of life, growth during the school years is

What is a true statement about the adolescent
growth spurt?

Today, children in the United States are taller, on the average, than their grandparents were as children.  This is an example of

In the brain, _____ consists largely of
myelinated nerve fibers and _____ throughout childhood and adolescence

Colton’s mother wants him to eat a well-balanced diet.  One solution that is easy and
inexpensive is to

In developing countries, rates of obesity are

What is usually rare during childhood, but is occurring in rapidly rising in numbers of obese children?

The most frequent cause of enuresis is

What two changes in the U.S. food economy have contributed significantly to the increase in American obesity?

At what age are children most likely to begin
understanding that illness can be caused by contagion?

Recent research indicates that boys outperform girls in sports in middle childhood because

What is a true statement about children’s organized sports?

Experts suggest that physical education programs should emphasize

Mrs. Harvey has 20 children in her first grade
classroom.  Based on North American
averages, how many can she expect to have tooth decay?

Children from _____ families are more likely to
be affected by health problems during the school years

Seven-year-old Renu pours water from a tall, thin glass into a short, thick glass and understands that the amount of water
remains unchanged.  Renu is capable of
understanding

Nadia can sort sticks of varying length into a
sequence from shortest to longest. 
However, she cannot mentally infer that stick A is longer than stick C if given the information that A is longer than B, and B is longer than C.  Nadia lacks

Cross-cultural research suggests that

In some cultures, children are accustomed to
dividing their toys, treats, and drinks for equal distribution with each other.  These children acquire conservation

What type of child is most likely to be diagnosed with ADHD?

What would provide the MOST beneficial long-term effects for a child with ADHD?

An approach to beginning reading instruction
that parallels children’s natural language learning is known as the ________
approach

The basic skills approach to reading stresses

A memory strategy that involves creating a
relationship between two or more pieces of information that are not members of
the same category is called

Sternberg’s triarchic theory of successful
intelligence is comprised of which interacting intelligences?

Kyoko quickly applies learning and memory strategies to new situations and engages in self-regulation and metacognitive monitoring
of her own learning.  According to
Sternberg, she excels in ______ analytical intelligence.

A school district with a large ethnic minority
population is trying to select an intelligence test that is as “culture-fair”
as possible.  What would you tell
district representatives?

Theo’s grandmother wants to make sure he
successful resolves Erikson’s psychosocial conflict of middle childhood.  She should give Theo opportunities to

Kenneth just graduated from kindergarten and will be starting first grade in the
fall.  Based on research, you would
expect Kenneth’s self-esteem to ______ over the next few years.

As Bailee moves into adolescence, her sources of self-definition will become _________ and her self-concept will be more vested
in feedback from ________.

Mastery-oriented children focus on ______ goals, while learned-helpless children focus on ______ goals.

Mr. Maccadams poses many hypothetical situations to his students, to help them
evaluate possible courses of moral action to determine which on is fair and
just.  Which of Narvaez’s levels of moral
education is the class working on?

During middle childhood, the drop in aggression is greatest for

Charles received very few positive or negative votes when the children in his class participated in a sociometric study.  How would Charles be classified?

What is important for children to reap the
benefits of having a sibling?

What is true about homosexual parents?

The overriding factor in positive adjustment
after divorce is

Recent research suggests that in the long run,
divorce is

Sarah is a stay-at-home mother who is
considering going back to work.  She is
concerned about the impact on her children’s adjustment.  One of the following options has been shown to have the greatest benefits of children of all ages.  Knowing that, Sarah should

Who is most likely to suffer from school phobia?

Educational programs that teach children to
recognize inappropriate sexual advances and who to turn to for help

According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, the
conflict of middle childhood is

Compared to girls, boys have higher self-esteem in which dimension

Asian children score lower in self-esteem than
U.S. children because

When faced with a difficult task,
mastery-oriented children are most likely to attribute failure to

School-age children are likely to explain
emotion by referring to

As children get older, their coping strategies increasingly favor

By middle childhood, children have ________, leading to greater independence and trustworthiness.

School-age children consider whether the _____  when making a judgment about the seriousness of violating a social convention.

A _______ child is least likely to draw a picture of God that resembles a human.

Of the following, which statement is true regarding the development of prejudice?

One promising approach toward reducing racial and ethnic prejudice in children is
to

Peer groups in middle childhood are often
organized on the basis of

During the school years, friendships

What is a true statement regarding
popular-antisocial children?

Bullying episodes usually end quickly when the
victim

An effective way to assist victimized children
is to

In a study of more than 2,000 second to sixth
graders from diverse cultures,

Between fourth and seventh grade, more young people, especially boys, say it is

In parents’ separate activities with children,
fathers focus

In one study, fifth and sixth graders described
their parents as

What is a true statement regarding gay and
lesbian families?

After a family with children experiences
divorce,

What is a true statement regarding divorce and children’s temperament and sex?

The overriding factor in long-term positive
adjustment after a parental divorce is whether

When a blended family consist of a mother,
stepfather, and her biological children,

Remarriage of noncustodial fathers often leads
to

What is a true statement regarding maternal
employment and child development?

About one-third of children with school phobia
are 5- to 7-year-olds who are actually not afraid of school itself but of being

Most of the children who witnessed the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001

Most cases of sexual abuse are reported

Studies examining the relationship between stressful life experiences and psychological disturbance in childhood have found that

Among preschoolers, the use of anatomically correct dolls in sexual abuse cases can