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2 Basic structural types
- Shell system
- Skelton/skin system
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One building material provides bith structural support and sheathing (outer covering).
i. e. log cabins
Shell system
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Might be compared to the human body with its rigid bony skeleton to support its basic frame and a more fragile skin for sheathing.
i.e. modern skyscrapers steel (skeleton) glass (sheath)
Skeleton/skin system
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Two factors to consider in any structural system
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Refers to the amount of tensile (stretch) stress a material can withstand before bending or breaking.
Tensile strength
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Simplest method of making a building and is suitable for brick, ice blocks, adobe, stone, etc..
Also known as stacking and piling
Load bearing construction
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- Great Friday Mosque
- Rebuilt in 1907 to its original 13th century structure
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Hypostyle from the courtyard temple of Amon-Mut-Khonso, Luxor
An example of Post-and-lintel
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The most elementary structural method after stacking and piling.
It is based on two uprights (posts) supporting a horizontal cross piece.
i.e. Stonehendge
Post and Lintel
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A large hall erected in post/lintel construction was a virtual forest of columns inside. This created this type of hall.
From the greek "beneath Columns"
Hypostyle
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The three major acrchitectural styles are known as...
Greek Orders
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The top most part between the shaft of the column and the roof or lintel.
Capital
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The bottom most part of the column that separates it from the floor.
Base
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7th century bce column with no base to separate it from the floor and its capital made of plain stone slab above a rounded stone.
Doric
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6th century bce column has a stepped ase and a carved capital in the form of two graceful spirals known as volutes.
Ionic
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4th century bce style which is more elaborate, having a more detailed base and a capital carved as a a stylized bouquet of acanthus leaves.
Corinthian
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- Temple of Athena Nike (victory)
- Example of Ionic style
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Lentil made of three parts
Entablature
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Three parts of the entablature
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The simple unadorned band of lentils just above the columns.
Architrave
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The area above the architrave ornamented with sculpture in relief.
Frieze
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Shelflike projection that caps the frieze
Cornice
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The triangular element supported by the entablature.
Pediment
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- The Parthenon
- In honor of Kallikrates
- Doric Style
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- Sculputre of three Goddesses
- Originally located in the pediment of the Parthenon.
- British bought from Turks
- Greek wants back in Athens
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- Phoenix Hall
- Bracket system
- Kyoto, Japan
- Shrine
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Used by the ancient people of mesopotamia but more fully developed by the romans.
Enables the architect to open up a fairly large space in a wall without risking the building's soundness.
Rounded Arch
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The top most stone of an arch/semicircle.
Keystone
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Wedged shaped pieces of stone
Voussoir
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- Pont Du Gard
- Nimes, France
- 1st century bce
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When an arch is extended in depth - when in reality it is many arches flush one behind the other.
Barrel vault
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Use of barrel arches referencing roman like style during the middle ages between 1050 and 1200.
Romanesque period
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Central Aisle of te christian church
Nave
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Where two barrel vaults cross at a 90 degree angel
Groin Vault
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Rectangular segments in which the church is divided with the use of groin vaults and columns along the nave.
Bays
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- Saint-foy Conques, France
- example of the rounded arch
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Allows for much higher vaults.
Must be reinforced with ribs.
Allows for the building to have more windows.
Must be stregthened.
Used in the Gothic period
Pointed Arch
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- Cathedral of Notre Dame de Reims
- France 1211-1290
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Pressing the entire length of your body to support the weight of th wall
Buttress
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Standing away from the wall and pushing against wall with extended arms. Your arms would be...
Your body would be the...
The flying butress
Pier
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- Outer Cathedral de Notre dame.
- Example of buttresses and flying butresses.
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an architectural structure generally in the shape of a hemisphere or half globe.
an arch rotated 360 degrees on its axis.
Dome
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- 2nd century Rome
- Pantheon
- Deicated to the roman Gods
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Ornamented with recessed rectangles, coffers which lessen its weight.
Coffered
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Openeing at very top of a dome thought to be symbolic of the "eye" of heaven.
Oculus
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Porch that is joined incongruously to the dome
Portico
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Circular base under the dome making the building round/rotunda
Drum
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- Hagia Sophia
- Means Holy Wisdom
- 6th century christian church
- 183 feet floor to top
- Dome on a square base
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Curved triangular sections between the archs used to make a smooth transition between rectangle and dome.
Pendentives
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- Taj Mahal
- Meant to be viewed from the exterior
- example of onion dome
- Constructed over the underground burial chambers of Shah Jahan and his wife
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When each row of stones extends slightly beyond the one below until eventually the opening is bridged.
Technique used by indian architects to create arch, vault, dome forms.
Corbelling
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- Jain Temple
- 11th century india
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- Joseph Paxton
- Crystal Palace
- London 1851
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Reconstructed Crystal Palace
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Example of Skeleton/skin technique.
Built for Prince Albert's exhibition of latest technology.
Steel/glass
Burned to ground in 1936
Crystal Palace
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- Eiffel Tower
- Only Skeletal
- 1000 feet in air
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1833 chicago introduced.
Mass produced nails
Better milling for lumber
Wood frame
Stucco skin.
Named because of its light weight
Balloon Frame Construction
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Brought about the construction of sky scraper.
Allows for numerous stories.
Skeleton/skin.
Steel Frame Construction
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- Wainwright building
- late 19th century
- 1st modern buildings
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- Lever house
- New york
- 1952
- New International style - minimal ornamentation
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- Golden gate bridge
- Suspension and cable-stayed structures
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imbedding mesh or rods made of iron or steel in concrete before it hardens.
Increases tensile strength
Reinforced concrete
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- Sydney Opera House
- Australia 1950-1970
- Reinforced concrete
- Shell Construction
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- Falling Water
- Residential House
- Designed by frank lloyd wright
- Pensylvania 1936
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Developed by american architectural engineer R. Buckminster Fuller.
A bubble formed by a network of metal rods arranged in triangles and further organized into a tetrahedrons.
Geodesic Dome
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