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mass
measure of the amount of matter and object contains
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weight
vertical force experienced by a mass because of gravity
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in what three forms does matter exist (states of matter)
solid, liquid, gas
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matter
anything that occupies space and has mass
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energy
has no mass and does not take up space
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kinetic energy
- energy that is doing actual work
- -energy of motion
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potential energy
inactive or stored energy
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types of energy
- chemical-energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances
- electrical-movement of charged particles
- mechanical-energy directly involved in moving matter
- radiant-evergy that travels in waves
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what is the most important source of chemical energy in the body?
ATP
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elements
sustances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
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atomic symbols
the chemical shorthand for an element
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three subatomic particles
- protons- positive, nucleus
- neutrons- neutral, nucleus
- electrons- negative, electron cloud
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nucleus
central portion of an atom, contains the protons and neutrons
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protons
the positively charged particles
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neutrons
the neutral particles
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electrons
the negative charged particles, outside the nucleus
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planetary model
electrons move in circular orbits around the nucleus
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orbital model
shows probable location of the electrons
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atomic number =
number of protons
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atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus
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atomic mass=
# of protons plus neutrons
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atomic mass number
sum of the protons and neutrons
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isotopes
have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons
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atomic weight
the average of the mass numbers of all the isotopes
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radioisotopes
heavier unstable isotopes that decay into their more stable form
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molecules
when two or more atom are held together by chemical bonds
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molecule of element
when two or more of the same atoms bind together
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molecule of compound
two or more diffatoms bind together
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mixture
two or more components physically intermixed
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solutions
homogenous mixtures of components
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solvent
the substance present in the greatest amount
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solute
the substance in smaller amounts
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colloids
emulsions or heterogeneous mixtures
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suspensions
heterogeneous mixtures with large often visible particles
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electron shells
the space that an electron occupies
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energy levels
each electron shell has a different energy level
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valence
the number of electrons in an atom's outermost shell
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ionic bonds
when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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ions
when electrons are gained or lost, charged particle results
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anions
negatively charged ion
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cation
postitively charged ion
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covalent bonds
sharing electrons
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nonpolar molecules
when electrons are equally shared and the molecule is electrically balanced
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polar molecule
an unequal sharing of electrons
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electronegative
attract electrons strongly
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electropositive
weakly attract electrons
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hydrogen bonds
weak bonds between hydrogen atoms
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surface tension
the tendency of water molecules to stick together
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intermolecular bonds
binds a large molecule into a three dimensional shape
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reactants
the reacting substances
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products
the product that results
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synthesis reaction
two atoms or molecules form a more complex molecule (anabolic)
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decompostion reaction
a molecule is broken into smaller molecules
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temperature
increasing temperature increases the kinetic energy-faster reaction
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particle size
smaller particles move faster so a faster chemical reaction
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concentration
faster reaction when the concentration of a particle is higher
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catalysts
substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction
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structural levels of proteins
- primary- the linear sequence of amino acids
- secondary- the twisted linear sequence, alpha helix or beta pleated sheet, joined by hydrogen bonds
- tertiary- the secondary structure coils to form a ball
- quaternary-two or more polypeptide chains joined together
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fibrous
structural proteins like collagen
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globular proteins
functional proteins involved in chemical reaction
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protein denaturation
hydrogen bonds can be broken by changes in temperature and pH, the protein is denatured and is ineffective because the active site must have a certain shape
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molecular chaperones
help proteins form their shape
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enzymes
- globular proteins that act as vatalysts, * each enzyme is chemically specific
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cofactors
ion of a metal or a vitamin that helps in a chemical reation
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activation energy
energy needed to start a chemical reaction
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nucleic acids
composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus
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nucleotides
the structural units of nucleic acids; nitrogen containing bas, a pentose sugar and a phosphate group
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DNA
the genetic material, in the nucleus
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RNA
carries out the orders for protein synthesis from DNA
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adenosine triphosphate
the form of energy storage in cells
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high-energy phosphate bonds
very unstable for three phosphate groups to be next to each other and when the bond breaks, energy is released
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