Ch 10 Euro

Historian who claimed the Renaissance period was in distict contrast to the Middle Ages

Mercenary generals of private armies hired by cities for military purposes

Medici family

Allied with other powerul families of Florence and became unofficial ruler of the republic

• "The Magnificent"
• significant patron of the arts
• ruled Florence in totalitarian fashion

Sforza family

• longest lasting of the Italian states
• one of the world great naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries

• including south Italian region of Naples and the island of Sicily
• only Italian city-state to officially have a king

Requested French help in order to take over Naples

• became the unofficial leader of Florence
• anti-humanist
• ordered "bonfire of the vanities"

• wrote The Prince
• stated politically "the ends justify the means"
• stated for rulers, "it was better to be feared than to be loved"
• wanted Italy to act decisively for the good of the country

• successful revolt of poor establishing four year reign of bower by the lower Florentine classes and caused feuding between the old & new rich
• social anarchy due to Black Death
• collapse of banking houses

• revival of antiquity of Greece and Rome in philosophy, literature, and art
• strong belief in individualism
• focused on studying ancient languages

• idea that eduacation should prepare leaders who would be active in civic affairs
• should promote individual virtue and public service

• "father of humanism"
• considered first modern writer
• Letters to the Ancient Dead
• claimed Middle Ages were the Dark Ages
• wrote poetry (Sonnets to Laura) in the venacular

• wote Decameron about black plague
• wrote 100 Earthly Tales as social commentary

• first to use the term "humanism"
• first modern historian

• On the False Donation of Constantine, exposed as 8th century fraud using textual evidence
• pointed out errors in Latin and in the Vulgate
• defended predestination against advocates of free will

founded the Platonic Academy

• wrote Oration of the Dignity of Man
• "manifesto" of humanism

• wrote The Book of the Courtier
• specified qualities necessary to be a true gentleman
• described the ideal "Renaissance man"

• realism and expression
• perspective
• classicism
• emphasis on individualism
• geometrical arrangement of figures
• light and shadowing

developed movable type

emphasis on early Church writings that provided ansers on how to improve society and reform the Church

• most famous northern humanist
• wrote In Praise of Folly
• criticized immorality and hypocricy of the Church; influenced Martin Luther
• published his tutoring dialogues Colloquies satirizing religious supersition
• published Adages popularizing familiar expressions
• work was placed on Index of Forbidden Books
• "prince of humanists"

• became Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII
• wrote Utopia a criticism of modern society
• executed for reputing Act of Supremacy and refusing to recognize marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII

• leading French humanist
• produced 5 versions of the Psalms that challenged a single authoritative version of the Bible

wrote Gargantua, a folk epic that satirized French society

• developed the essay form
• one must be tolerant of other's views
• skepticism-doubt that true knowledge could be obtained

wrote The City of Ladies

• reduced power of nobility through taxation, land confiscation, and hiring of mercenary armies
• reduced political power of the clergy
• enlisted support of townspeople

• the "Spider King"
• dealt ruthlessly with nobles
• increased taxes
• exerted power over the clergy
• made France larger due to collapse of English Empire and defeat of Burgundy

• House of York vs. House of Lancaster
• rise of Tudor dynasty
• Richard III defeated at Bosworth Field
• houses united under Tudor Henry VII and marriage to Elizabeth of York

• reduced the inflence of the nobility
• created Court of Star Chamber to lessen nobility's weight in courth decisions

• their two kingdowms united but remained constitutionally separate
• accomplished subdueing realms, securing borders, venture abroad militarily, Christianized all of Spain

monitored activity of converted Jews and Muslims

consisted of about 300 semi-autonomous German states

rounded Cape of Good Hope

completed an all-water expedition to India

• publicly criticized ruthless treatment of the Amerindians
• writings helped spread the "black legend" in Protestant countries

• divided New World between Spain and Portugal
• portugal granted slave trade rights

discovered the Pacific Ocean

conquered Inca Empire

established an empire in the Spice Islands

• low countries produced important artists
• more detail throughout paintings
• use of oil paints

Ghent Altarpiece

"warrior pope"