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1st Spacing
normal fluid distribution
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2nd Spacing
- abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid
- ie: edema
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3rd Spacing
abnormal fluid accumulation in cavaties where it doesn't belong
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Acid
an electrolyte that dissociates into a hydrogen ion (H+) and an anion
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Interstitial
between the cells
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Base
- a substance that combines with H+ and eliminates H+
- neutralizes an acid by producing water and salt
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Normal blood pH
7.35 - 7.45
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What controls pH of internal fluids?
- Kidneys
- Respiratory System
- Buffer System
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Elements
- pure
- fundamental substance
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Compound
is a substance that is formed by two or more different atoms
-
Atomic Number
number of protons
-
Atomic Weight
protons + neutrons
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Isotopes
- Different form of the same atom
- same atomic number
- different atomic weight
-
Radioisotopes
unstable nuclei decay and give off particles or energy waves, radioactivity
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Chemical Reactions
the process whereby one chemical substance is converted into a different chemical substance
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Solution
combination of solvent + solute
-
Functions of Water
- Solvent - carries O2 and dissolves CO2
- Chemical Reactions - aids in digestion
- Thermoregulator - evaporation of sweat, takes away large amounts of heat
- Lubricant
- Baths cells
- Protection - CSF
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Fluid Compartment
Intracellular
2/3 water are inside the cell
-
Fluid Compartment
Extracellular
- 1/3 water is outside the cell
- intravacular - blood and lymph
- interstitial - tissue fluid between the cells
- special cavaties - CSF, bursa, aqeous humor
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4 Main Elements of the body
- Oxygen
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Nitrogen
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pH
- Parts Hydrogen
- measure of h+ concentration
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Valence Shell
outer electron shell
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Ion
electrically charged atom
-
Chemical Bonds
- formed through interaction of atoms
- the electrical attraction
-
Ionic Bond
transfer of electrons
-
Covalent
sharing of electrons
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Electrolyte
a substance that forms ions when it dissolves in water
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Decompostion
breaking down
-
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Mg++
magnesium/elctolyte
- 1.5 - 2.5
- regulates intracellular activity
- regulates Na, K, Ca, Phosphorus
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Cl-
chloride/ electrolyte
- 100 - 108
- primary extracellular anion
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NH4+
Ammonium
acid/ base regulation
-
-
K+
potassium
- 3.8 - 5.5
- nerve and muscle
- chief intracellular cation
- kidney function
-
H+
hydrogen
acid/ base balance
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Na+
sodium
- 135 - 145
- fluid balance
- principle extracellular cation
- nerve/ muscle
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Ca++
calcium
- 4.5 - 5.5
- bone/ teeth
- blood clotting
- muscle contraction
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Buffer System
compounds that are added to a soulution to prevent sudden changes in pH
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Buffer System
strong base
- NaOH + H2CO3 - H2O + NaHCO3
- sodium hydroxide + carbonic acid - water + sodium bicarbonate
-
Buffer System
Strong Acid
- HCl + NaHCO3 - NaCl + H2CO3
- hydrochloric acid + sodium bicarbonate - salt + carbonic acid
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HCO3
bicarbonate
- buffer system
- acid/ base regulation
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