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What is Psychology
the study of mental process and behavior
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What is Skepticism
questioning what everyone knows. one can become a critical thinker by reflecting deeply and actively asking questions and evaluating evidence.
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Who was Wundt
a german philospher physician who founded the first psychology lab in 1879 and proposed structuralism
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What is introspection
looking inside the mind
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What is functionalism
the function and purpose of the mind and behavior in the individuals adaptation to environment by James
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What did Darwin argue to determine the physical traits of survival
organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and reproduce
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What are the goals of psychology
to describe, predict, and explain
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How can animals be used ehtically in scientific research
feeding, housing, pyschological and physical well being
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What is bias
non neutral representation, influences the outcome of research
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What is the placebo effect
when a participants expectations, rather than the experinment influence the outcome
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What is a double-blind study
when neither the participant nor the experinmentor knows who is in the experinment nor control group
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What is a sample? How does it differ from the population?
population is the entire group, a sample is a small portion of the population
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What is naturalistic observation?
involves being in a control setting
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What are the measures of central tendency?
- mean-average
- median- middle
- mode- repeated
- range- big-small
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How do scientist typically determine statistical significance?
from the data and the hypothesis, meta-analysis
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What is meta-analysis?
statistical procedure that summarizes a large body of evidence from the research literature on a specific topic
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What is a confederate?
person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated
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What is an operational definition?
provides an objective description of how a variable is going to be measured and observed in a experinment
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What is a case study?
a study about one individual
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What is random assignment?
something is selected by chance randomly
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What are the independent and dependent variables?
- independent-manipulated by experinmentor
- dependent- result in change by the independent variable
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What are the experinment and controol groups?
- experinment recieves the drugs
- control is not manipulated dont recieve drugs
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What is IRB?
Internal Review Board
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What is required in ethical study?
- informed consent
- confedentality
- deception
- debrefing
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What are informed consent, debriefing, and confidentality?
- Confidentality-privacy
- Informed Consent- recieving permission from parent of a minor or consent from 18yrs older
- Debriefing-telling the person what happen at end of the study
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Where do most psychologist work?
In an acedemic setting
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What are internal and external validity?
- Internal-are independent variable changes the result of independent variable manipulation, bias and logical errors
- External- represent real world issues, do results generalize real world
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What is the scientific method?
- Observe
- Formulate hypothesis and prediction
- Test through empricial research
- Drawconclusion
- Evaluate theory
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What is a variable?
anything that can be changed
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How often are animals used in psychological research?
- 5%
- rats and mice used 90% of time
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Who are the most famous names associated with the behavioral, humanistic, and psychodynamic approaches.
- Psychodynamic- Sigmund Freud
- Behavioral- Watson and Skinner
- Humanistic- Rogers and Maslow
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How are psychiatrist and clinical psychologist different and how are they the similar?
- Clinical psychologist involves a doctorate degree and can perscribe medicine
- Pyschiatrist involves a medical degree and cannot perscribe medicine
- they are similar in wanting to help improve the lives of people.
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What is a theory? How is it related to and different from a hypothesis?
- Hypothesis is an educated guess
- Theory is more of an idea to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations
- A hypothesis derives from a theory
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What is the survey method of research? What might such research involve?
A survey presents a standard set of questions or items to obtain people self reports about a particular topic such as religious beliefs, census, sex, and gun control
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What is a correlation study? How does it differ from experinment research?
- Correlation- research between relationships and variables, examining if and how two variabkes change together not involving causation
- Experinment- involves causation
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Correlation Values
- -1.00<r<1.00 positive ^^
- 1.00 perfect negative opposite
- .76-.99 very strong
- .51-.75 strong
- .26-.50 moderate
- .01-.25 weak
- .00 none
- ( the closer to 1 the stronger the relationship .34 is weaker than .76)
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What is generally accepted mininum level of probability for determining that observed differences are genuine and not simply due to cance alone?
0.05
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Know all the subspecialities in psychology.
- pyschological and behavioral neuroscience
- sensation and perception
- cognitive and psychology
- motivation and emotion
- personality
- health
- school and educational
- industrial and organizational
- learning
- forensic, sport, cross cultural
- developnment psychology
- psychology of women and gender
- social
- clinical and counseling
- community
- environmental
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