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What is a cartography map?
a graphic representation of the environment
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Name 3 reasons why maps aren't as simple as they seem
- Rapid changes in technology
- dubious quality
- colors without plans
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What does it mean when I say 'dubious' quality?
- poorly selected symbol sealing
- inappropriate symbolization for the data
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Why are maps used?
- strong visual impact
- convenient to use
- simply the infromation
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What is a chloroplata map?
where each polygon is assigned a color
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what is a reference map?
a map that shows a variety of features of the world as a portion
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What is a thematic map?
- a map that demonstrates particular features or concepts
- shows distribution of a single attribute or a relatioship among several
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What are the two kinds of thematic maps?
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What do qualitative maps show?
the spatial distribution or location of kind (nominal data)
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What do qualntitative maps show?
the spatial aspects of numerical data (ex. Vote, income, cancer)
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What are persuasive maps do?
they exaggerate some parts of a map (ex. MARTA map)
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What do aeronautical charts display?
- visual flying
- instrument navigation (eg. road)
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The name of the Earth as an irregularly shaped body
Geoid
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Explain the existence of the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.
The northern and southernmost positions where the sun is directly overhead
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The North-South angular distance from the equator to the point of interest
Latitude
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Angle from the Prime Meridian to the meridian passing through the point of interest
Longitude
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What is the decimal degrees formula?
DD + MM/60 + SS/3600
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Convert 25*32'5" to the decimal degrees.
25*60+32/60+3/3600
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A mathematical model of the Earth, serving as the reference for calculating the geographic coordinates of a location
datum
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The equatorial axis
semiangular axis
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WHy do different countries use various reference ellipsoid?
local precision
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The reference ellipsoid used before the 1960's
NAD27 Meaded Ranch, KS
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the more acccurate reference ellipsoid
NAD83 no single physical initial point
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WHen are nautical miles used?
maritime and aviation purposes
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1 nautical mile equals
1,852 meters
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Statute miles are used for
land distances on U.S.
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1 statute mile equals
1,609 miles
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Great circles are _______.
the largest possible circles on the surface of the spherical earth
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WHat is the general understanding of great circles?
any meridian can be a great circle
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What is a map scale?
the ratio between a map and ground distance
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WHat is a typical scale of a large map?
1:1,250,000 (or larger)
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WHat are three features that comprises scale bars to map scales in terms of verbal and ratio scales?
- scale bar changes size in direct proportion to the physical size of the map
- stacked scale bar
- easy to figure distances
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A scale that varies systematically in the North-South direction (along Parallels)
variable scale bar
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A mathematical transformation of a 3D map to a 2D map
map projection
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The ratio of actual scale compared to principle scale
scale factor
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If you dont have any changes to your map, what is your scale factor?
1
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What is meant by conformal property?
- preserving the original shapes
- scales of the projection in the x and y direction are always equal
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What is azimuthal property?
Preservation of directions
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What is equidistance property?
Preserving distances from one point to another
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A line of tangency between the projection surface and the globe; no distortion
Standard Line
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What is an example of a Cylindrical Family Projection?
Oblique Mercator map
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What are the standard lines in Conic Family Projections?
Parallels
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What is an example of a Conic Family Projection?
An east-west extent map (Continental United States map)
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What does UTM stand for?
Universal Transverse Mercator
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What does SPC stand for?
State Plane Coordinate
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Describe tangent case planes.
- There is one line of tangency in the middle
- no distortion on either ends
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Describe secant case planes.
- there are two lines of distortion
- the least distortion will be above and below the lines of tangency
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Which vector data attributes are ranked from least to most and has meaningless orders?
Ordinal
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Which vector data attributes use letters and numbers to label objects?
Nominal
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WHich three figures does vector data use to represent spatial features?
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WHich vector data attribute have differences between ranks that actually make sense?
Interval
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Which vector data attribute contains distance and ratios differences that make sense?
Ratio
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How do we classify equal intervals?
(max-min) / number of classes
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How are quantiles classified and shown on a map?
- total observations/number of classes
- data is ranked and equal numbers of observations are placed in each class
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