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Connective Tissues function:
support organs and other tissues structurally and metabolically
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Connective Tissue Characteristics
1) much intracellular substance (matrix or ground substance)
2) few cells, widely scattered
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Connective Tissue types:
1) connective tissue proper
2) cartilage
3) bone
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Connective Tissue Proper is composed of:
- 1) fibers
- 2) matrix (ground substance)
- 3) cells
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Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper
- 1) collagen
- 2) elastic
- 3) reticular
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Matrix of Connective Tissue Proper:
- 1) carbohydrates
- 2) lipids
- 3) water
- 4) other chemical compounds
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Cells of Connective Tissue Proper:
- 1) fibroblasts
- 2) adipocytes
- 3) macrophages
- 4) mast cells
- 5) leukocytes
- 6) lymphocytes
- 7) reticular cells
- 8) plasma cells
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Types of Connective Tissue Proper:
1) loose = areolar = FASCIA
2) dense connecetive tissue
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Loose = areolar = FASCIA facts:
- 1) separated into types named for the predominant cell present
- Ex) adipocyte & adipose tissue
2) Vascular
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Dense connective tissue fact:
matrix is made of collagen fibers
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Dense connective tissue types:
1) dense irregular connective tissue
2) dense regular connective tissue
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue:
Collagen fibers are at oblique angles, not so organized
Ex) deep dermis (or) hypodermis
(Vascular)
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Dense Regular connective Tissue:
Ex) tendons and ligaments
collagen fibers are very organized
(Avascular)
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Tendons
Dense Regular Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
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Ligaments
Dense Regular Connective tissue that connects bone to bone
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Cartilage is comprised of:
1) chodrocytes in lacunae
2) matrix
3) perichondrium
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Cartilage:
A type of Connective Tissue (Avascular)
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Chondrocyte
a cartilage cell, makes the intracellular matrix surrounding itself
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Perichodrium two layers
1) outer fibrous layer
2) inner cellular layer (made of stem cells)
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chondroblasts
immature chondrocytes which develop from the stem cells in the cellular layer of the perichondrium
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Three types of Cartilage
1) hyaline
2) elastic
3) fibrocartilage
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Hyaline Cartilage
smooth and glassy matrix, prevents friction between joints or wherever it is found
found in: ends of long bones, tip of nose, and trachea
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Elastic Cartilage
elastic proteins usually present, and is stretchy
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fibrocartilage
strong cartilage, found between the two hips and allows child birth to occur without shattering the hips (allows the woman to dialate to at least 10cm)
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Bone (as a Connective Tissue)
has a hard matrix 24/7
Very vascular
reservoir for Calcium
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Composition of Bone
1) osteocytes
2) osteoblasts
3) osteoclasts
4) periosteum
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osteoclasts
multinucleated
destroy/ rebuild the bone
(allow for growth)
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chemical that Calcium brings along to harden the matrix of bone:
hydroxyapatite
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Canaliculi
canals in bone (or) spaces within bone in which connect one lacuna with another lacuna (2 osteocytes are connected)
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Diaphysis
- shaft, central axis of a long bone
- (core of the bone)
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epiphysis
on either end of the diaphysis
rounded globular end of the long bone
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metaphysis
located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
you find either the metaphyseal line or the metaphyseal zone/ plate
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mesenchyme:
embryonic connective tissue, in which all bones are derived from
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primary ossification center:
bone tissue it forms replaces most of the cartilage in the shaft of the bone (forming the diaphysis)
→ the osteoclasts come and make the red marrow cavity
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secondary ossification center
appears in other parts of developing bone, usually after birth
→ usually forming the epiphysis
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Intramembranous:
bone formation during embryonic period, beginning in the fetal period (usually 16 weeks and bone is formed)
→ fascia to bone
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Endochondral:
within cartilage (cartilage to bone), usually after fetal life
→ all bones in fetal life are cartilaginous
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interstitial
bone growth in an adult, "from within"
finished at the end of puberty, growth occurs at the epiphyseal/ metaphyseal zone/plate
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appositional
bone growth "adding layer" "making the trunk of the tree wider"
comes from the periosteum cell layer
osteoclasts ensure the width doesn't keep going on and on...
every three years your bones will be replaced
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Axial Skeleton
(center core of the body)
- 1) head/ skull
- 2) vertebrae
- (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)
- 3) ribs
- 4) sternum
- 5) hyoid bone
- 6) manubrium
- 7) xiphoid process
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Trochanter:
large rounded processes (or) large blunt elevations
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Tuberosity
medium-sized rounded, elevated processes (or) small raised eminence
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tubercle:
small rounded process
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ridge:
wide, prominent elevation of long border of bone
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crest:
narrow ridge of a bone
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epicondyle
raised area on or above a condyle
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spine
sharp, elongated process
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malleolous
hammer shaped process
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cornu
curved, hornlike protuberance
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condyle
rounded knuckle-shaped projection
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facet
small, flat surface
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head
expanded, rounded surface of a bone
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trochlea
grooved surface serving as a pulley
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ramus
winged bar of a bone
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fossa
shallow depressed area
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groove
- (aka sulcus)
- deep furrow on the surface of a bone
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notch
deep indentation on the border of a bone
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meatus
(canal) tubelike passage way
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fissure
narrow, slit like opening
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foramen
natural opening into or thru a bone
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sinus
cavity within a bone
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Predominant proteins found in muscle
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muscle cell name:
myofibril
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origin
(proximal attachment)
attachment that moves the least
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insertion
(distal attachment)
attachment that moves the most
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aponeurosis
special type of tendon that connects muscle to muscle
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muscle tone:
the ability of a muscle to contract and relax
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