Physiology Ch. 5

All reactions that involve energy transformations

• Is the universal energy carrier of the cell
• Energy must be conserved, the bond produced by joining Pi to ADP must contain a part of this energy
• This energy released when ATP converted to ADP and Pi (ATP--> ADP+Pi

Produce ATP for energy, not to store it but transfer it for other functions

• Catabolic
• Anabolic

• Release energy
• Breakdown larger organic molecules into smaller molecules
• Serve as primary sources of energy for synthesis of ATP

• Require input of energy
• Synthesis of large energy-storage molecules

Break down glucose, fatty acids and amino acids serve as the primary sources of energy for the synthesis of ATP

• Glycogenesis
• Glycogenolysis
• Gluconeogenesis

• Glucose--> glycogen
• Glycogen is then stored in the body

Glycogen-->glucose

• Create new glucose molecules from non carbohydrate molecules such as lactic acid---->glucose **by the way of pyruvic acid**
• The body has to have glucose to produce ATP

• A shared effect between the liver and skeletal muscle
• Convert lactic acid (that is produced in skeletal muscles)--->blood glucose
• Produced by process of gluconeogenesis in the liver

• Glycolysis
• Krebs cycle
• Oxidative phosphorylation

• The metabolic pathway in which glucose is broken down for energy; oxygen is present (aerobic respiration)
• 1 glucose---> 2 pyruvic acid+2NADH+4ATP
• "change maker example" cell only accepts quarters
• NET RESULT: 2 ATP

When no oxygen is present glucose is changed into lactic acid through the process of glycolysis

• In the presence of Oxygen; glucose is changed into pyruvic acid through the process of glycolysis and there is no lactic acid production; the pyruvic acid is then converted into acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
• ** NOTE : during glycolysis 1 glucose form 2 pyruvic acid so there are actually 2 molecules of acetyl CoA created during aerobic respiration

• The metabolic pathway (oxygen present) in which acetyl Co A is used to form GTP (can be tranformed into ATP), NADH + FADH2 (these will eventually donate there electrons to result in a large number of ATP in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway
• NET RESULT: 2 ATP

• The metabolic pathway (oxygen present) in which the electron transport chain acts as an oxidizing agent for NAD & FAD (NADH & FADH2 from Krebs cycle) to produce ATP
• NET RESULT: 26 ATP

• Theoretical ATP yield is(per 1 glucose molecule) 36-38 ATP per glucose molecule
• Actual ATP yield is 30-32 ATO

• Triglycerides can be hydrolyzed into glycerol + fatty acids
• Fatty acids can be converted to acetyl CoA that can enter the Krebs cycle

The formation of fat

• Process of transamination and deamination
• These processes remove the nitrogen from the amino group
• The rest of the amino group can then be metabolized with there intermediates entering either the glycolytic or Krebs cycles

• transfer of the amino group from amino acid to a keto acid
• Goes through Krebs cycle

• when the amine group from amino acid is removed leaving a keto acid + ammonia
• goes through Krebs cycle

• If too much food is ingested and the body does not need the glucose then ATP production is inhibited and glucose is converted to glycogen and fat for storage (glucose---> glycogen + fat)
• Fat is the major form of energy storage in the body
• The brain uses blood glucose as its major energy source- can change in mental status if glucose is too low or high (ex: diabetic_

• 1 gram fat= 9 kilocalories of energy
• 1 gram carbohydrate= 4 kilocalories of energy
• 1 gram protein= 4 kilocalories of energy