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LEARNING
ANY RELATIVELY PERMANENT CHANGE IN THE BEHAVIOR, THOUGHTS, OR FEELINGS OF AN INDIVIDUAL THAT RESULTS FROM EXPERIENCE
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HABITUATION
A PHENOMENON IN WHICH A PERSON GRADUALLY BECOMES MORE FAMILIAR WITH A STIMULUS AND NOTICES IT LESS AND LESS
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DISHABITUATION
A ONCE FAMILIAR STIMULUS CHANGES TO BECOME UNFAMILIAR, SO THE PERSON NOTICES THE STIMULUS ONCE AGAIN
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INSTINCT
AN INHERITED SPECIES-SPECIFIC; STEREOTYPED, AND OFTEN RELATIVELY COMPLEX PATTERN OF BEHAVIOR
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IMPRINTING
A PREPROGRAMMED RESPONSE IN WHICH A NEWBORN ANIMAL LOOKS FOR A PARTICULAR KIND OF STIMULUS AN THEN CARRIES OUT THE RESPONSE; THE SPECIFIC STIMULUS THAT PROMPTS THE RESPONSE IS LEARNED
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
THE LEARNING PROCESS WHEREBY AN ORGINIALLY NEUTRAL STIMULUS BECOMES ASSOCIATED WITH A PARTICULAR PHYSIOLOGICAL OR EMOTIONAL RESPONSE THAT THE STIMULUS DID NOT ORGINIALLY PRODUCE
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UNCONDITIONAL STIMULUS (US)
A STIMULUS THAT ELICITS A PHYSIOLOGICAL OR EMOTIONAL RESPONSE
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UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UR)
AN AUTOMATIC PHYSIOLOGICAL OR EMOTIONAL RESPONSE TO A (US)
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CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS)
AN ORIGINALLY NEUTRAL STIMULUS THAT LATER WILL ELICIT A PHYSIOLOGICAL OR EMOTIONAL RESPONSE
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CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)
A RESPONSE THAT IS SIMILAR TO THE (UR), BUT THAT IS ELICITED FROM THE (CS) RATHER THAN FROM THE (US)
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CONTINGENCY
A PHENOMENON IN WHICH ONE OR MORE STIMULI DEPEND ON THE PRESENCE OF ANOTHER STIMULUS
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ACQUISITION
A PAHSE OF LEARNING WHICH THE PROBABILITY OF LEARNING INCREASES
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EXTINCTION
A PHASE OF LEARNING WHEN THE PROBABILITY OF THE CR DECREASES OVER TIME EVENTUALLY APPROACHING ZERO
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STIMULUS GENERALIZATION
A RESPONSE TO THE OBSERVED SIMILARITY OF A STIMULUS TO THE CS, WHICH INCREASES THE LIKELIHOOD THAT THE CR WILL OCCUR FOLLOWING PRESENTATION OF THE STIMULUS
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STIMULUS DISCRIMMINATION
A RESPONSE TO THE OBSERVED DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A NEW STIMULUS AND THE ORGINIAL CS, WHICH MAKES IT LESS LIKELY THAT THE NEW STIMULUS WILL LEAD TO THE CR
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OPERANT CONDITIONING
THE PROCESS OF INCREASING OR DECREASING THE LIKELEHOOD THAT AN INDIVIDUAL WILL PRODUCE AN ACTIVE BEHAVIOR (AN OPERANT) AS A RESULT OF INTERACTING WITH THE ENVIRONMENT
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OPERANT
A KIND OF RESPONSE THAT HAS SOME EFFECT ON THE WORLD
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REINFORCER
A STIMULUS EVENT THAT INCREASES THE PROBABILITY THAT THE OPERANT ASSOCIATED WITH IT WILL BE REPEATED
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POSITIVE REINFORCER
A POSITIVE STIMULUS EVENT THAT FOLLOWS AN OPERANT AND STRENGHTHENS THE ASSOCIATED BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE
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POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
THE EFFECT OF A POSITIVE REINFORCEER (STIMULUS EVENT) SOON AFTER AN OPERANT (RESPONSE)
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NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
THE EFFECT OF THE REMOVAL OR CESSATION, STOPPING, OF AN UNPLEASENT STIMULUS, SUCH AS PHYSICAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL PAIN OR DISCOMFORT
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NEGATIVE REINFORCER
AN UNPLEASENT STIMULUS EVENT THAT IS REMOVED FOLLOWING AN OPERANT RESPONSE, THEREBY LEADING TO AN INCREASED PROBABILITY THAT THE OPERANT WILL BE REPEATED
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PUNISHMENT
THE EFFECT OF THE DELIVERY OF A STIMULUS EVENT THAT DECREASES THE PROBABILITY OF AN ASSOCIATED RESPONSE; RESULTS FROM EITHER PRESENTING AN UNPLEASENT STIMULUS OR REMOVING A PLEASENT ONE
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AVERSION CONDITIONING
THE USE OF PUNISHMENT AS A MEANS OF ENCOURAGING AN INDIVIDUAL TO TRY TO ESCAPE FROM OR TO AVOID A SITUATION
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AVOIDENCE LEARNING
THE GOAL OF CONDITIONING; AN INDIVIDUAL LEARNS TO STAY AWAY FROM SOMETHING
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LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
A LEARNED BEHAVIOR IN WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL GIVES UP TRYING TO ESCAPE FROM A PAINFUL SITUATION AFTER REPEATEDLY FAILING TO ESCAPE
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GRADIENT OF REINFORCEMENT
A PHENOMENON IN WHICH INCREASES IN THE LENGHTH OF TIME BETWEEN AN OPERANT AND A REINFORCER DIRECTLY DECREASE THE EFFECT OF THE REINFORCEMENT
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PRIMARY REINFORCER
A STIMULUS THAT PROVIDES AN IMMEDIATE REINFORCEMENT THAT SATISFIES THE SENSES
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SECONDARY REINFORCER
A STIMULUS THAT GAINS REINFORCING VALUE THROUGH ASSOCIATION WITH A PRIMARY REINFORCER
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SHAPE
BRING BEHAVIOR UNDER CONTROL BY PROVIDING A PROGRAM OF REINFORCEMENT
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SUCCESIVE APPROXIMATIONS
A METHOD FOR SHAPING BEHAVIOR BY GRADUALLY REINFORCING OPERANTS THAT ARE INCREASINGLY MORE SIMILAR TO THE DESIRED BEHAVIOR
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CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT
A LEARNING PROGRAM IN WHICH REINFORCEMENT ALWAYS FOLLOWS A PARTICULAR OPERANT BEHAVIOR
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SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
THE PATTERNS BY WHICH REINFORCEMENTS FOLLOW OPERANTS
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PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE
AN OPERANT CONDITIONING PROGRAM IN WHICH A GIVEN OPERANT IS REINFORCED AT SOME TIMES BUT NOT AT OTHER TIMES
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SOCIAL LEARNING
THE LEARNING THAT OCCURS BY OBSERVING THE BEHAVIOR OF OTHERS, AS WELL AS BY OBSERVING ANY ENVIROMENTAL OUTCOMES OF THE BEHAVIOR
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