LA Med 1

• largest salivary gland in retromandibular fossa
• temporo-mandibular jt to mandible
• overlap masseter
• to atlas
• eaar to intermandibular space

• formed from ventral and rostral parotid gland
• medial mandible
• follows facial artery and vein
• opens into buccal vestible on parotid papilla opposite the upper third cheek tooth

• bc superficial
• most common
• secrete saliva from wound which increases during eating

• salivary secretions prevent healinf of parotid duct
• surgical repair (5-0 to 7-0 non absorb)
• translocation of duct to new opening in oral cavity
• chemical ablation with 10% formalin- least necrosis and inflammation

• skin stays intact and saliva accumulates in SQ
• collections of saliva in spaces not lined by epithelium

mucocele of the sublingual salivary gland

• aberrent salivary tissue
• looks like hematoma

• higher K and Ca content
• alkaline pH
• amylase
• (compared to serum)

• hard, nonpainful, moveable swellings that can obstruct the parotid duct
• possibly from old injury
• calcium carbonate and organic matter
• remove via oral approach to avoid salivay fistula

• rare
• adenocarcinoma, melenoma, mixed cell
• parotid swelling

• congenital, rare, duct ends in cul-de-sac without penetrating oral mucosa
• surgical fix or chemical ablation

• esophageal impaction
• feed and water reflux from nostrils and mouth
• excessive salivation
• feed impactions most common

• palpation
• nasogastric intubation
• endoscopy
• radiology

• lavage with warm water- must tranq horse to prevent aspiration (xylazine, detomidine)
• with draw food and water and leave alone for 12 hrs, repeat lavage
• choke relief tube with cuff on the end
• general anesthesia- head down
• NSAIDs (banamine) and Ab due to risk of aspiration pneumonia
• withhold feed for 24 hrs, then only feed soaked pellete for a few weeks

• chronic impation
• traumatic nasogastric intubation
• trauma to cervical area
• usually diatal third of cervical esophagus
• diverticulum if partial tear
• full tear results in dffuse swelling down the neck
• infection can extend into mediatinum giving a grave prognosis

• establish adewuate drainage
• place esophageal feeding tube (used for a few wks)
• NSAIDs and Ab

• sequella of choke, trauma, congenital
• finished healing after 60 days so no sx until then
• may get diverticulum in front of stricture

involving the adventitia and muscularis

involving the mucosa and submucosa

involves all layer

• mural- esophagotomy
• rings or webs and annular- mucosal and submucosal resection
• esophageal anastomosis

• Arabian- enterolithiasis
• miniature horse- impactions
• broodmares- large colon displacement
• stallions- inguinal hernias
• foals- meconium impaction, ruptured bladder
• older horses- lipomas, epipoic foramen entrapment, impaction, ascarids
• performance horses- gas colic
• coastal hay fed- ileal and cecal impaction

distention of hollow organs

• xylazine
• detomidine
• butorphanol
• n-butylscopolamine (Buscopan)- anti spasmodic, ant cholinergic
• NSAID- flunixin meglumine (banamine), ketoprofen, phenylbutazone
• lidocaine

• nasogastric decompression
• trocarization- only large colon distention

• HR below 60 (unless Buscopan at 70)
• >80 needs CV support- 10 to 20L fluids
• intestinal secretions normally 30% of body wt- problems if sm int obstruction

• stomach sounds
• empties in 2hrs so may be silent

cecum

left/right colon

sand

• not present normally
• small amount with large colon dz
• large amount with small intestine dz/obstruction

pass NG tube to see if reflux

firm or gas

• firm to left- pelvic flexure impaction
• ddx: gas, displacement, torsion, aboral obstruction
• transient response to meds- refer immediatley

• no feces present cannot feel anything
• tug on band of cecum to see if painful

• 3 cm caudal to xyphoid process
• clip, scrub, sterile prep
• stab incision thru skin and body wall
• urinary catheter inserted
• fluid in and EDTA tube
• do not do if referring, foal, severe distention

• normal: TP <2.5g/dl, WBC <5000 cell/ul
• abnormal: stanglulation= inc protein (1-2hr), yellow, RBC (3-4hr), orange, WBC inc (6hrs), lactate will be higher than peripheral blood
• will not see changes with large colon volvulus bc dead in 4 hrs

• surgical rupture of intestine
• plant material, bacteria, no cells
• ddx: rupture but would see neut, bac, no plant material

• blood from skin vesseles will spin out with centrifuge
• freshblood will show platelets
• spleen- PCV higher than peripheral
• ddx: internal hemorrhage- hemolyzed and will not spin out, no platelets, erythrophagocytosis

• sx- inc TP and WBC
• peritonitis- inc TP and WBC, fever, depression, anorexia, pain, degenerate neut

LPS from gram neg bac which is a potent activator of the immune system

presence of LPS in the bloodstream resulting in clinical signs

• general inflammatory response with 2 or more of following:
• hypothermia or pyrexia
• tachycardia
• tachypnea or hypocapnea
• WBC <5000/uL or >14,000/uL or >10% bands

• sepsis- SIRS in response to infection
• septic shock- persistant hypotension secondary to sepsis that fails to respond to fluid resuscitation

insufficiency of 2 or more organ systems, commonly a sequel to endotoxic or septic shock

• Kupffer cells normally clear
• dec clearance- hepatic dz
• inc absorption- mucosal barrier compromise, trauma, malnutrition

• LPS binding protein- enhance phagocytosis by macs and neut
• LPS binds to CD14 on neut
• TLR4 transmits signal to interior of cell
• signal causes phosphorylation and produces NFkb
• NFkb enters nucleus promoting transcription of inflammatory mediators
• also arachadonic acid metabolites
• results in neutrophil activation- neutropenia
• results in enothelial damage

• acute, early hyperdynamic- anorexia, mild colic signs, sweating, tachycardia, "hot shock"
• fever, toxic line
• hypohynamic shock- dark mms, cold skin, ataxia, "cold endotoxemia"
• organ failure- icterus, laminitis
• leukopenia, inc PCV, azotemia

• prevent further movement of endotoxin- remove nidus, binding agent
• neutralization of cirulating endotoxin- plasma, polymyxin B
• prevent prod and release of inf mediators- NSAIDs, DMSO, lidocaine
• supportive care- fluids, inotropic agents, oncotic support, tx coagulopathy, nutrition

• age at which generative organs become functional and reproduction is possible
• not same as sexual maturity

• age: cattle- 6-18mth, sm rum- 6-12mth, horse- 18mth, swine- 6mth
• nutrition- good nut leads to reaching puberty earlier
• season
• climate- tropical temp reaches puberty earlier
• disease- slows growth

• estrus- noun, heat
• estrous- adjective, hot
• estrual- adjective
• an estrous female is in estrus.

• without cyclicity
• period of sexual quiescence- season, pregnancy, lactation, presence of offspring, pathology, stress, age

• mediated by pineal gland and its secretion of melatonin
• long light breeder- summer- dec meleatonin- horse
• short light breeder- late summer, early autumn, inc melatonin- sheep, goat

• excessive heat causes inc in early embryonic death and behavioral estrus is shorter
• inc temp= dec DM intake= longer interval post partum anestrus

• cow- 21d
• sheep- 17d
• goat- 21d
• mare- 21d
• sow- 21d

• follicular- estrogen
• luteal- progesterone
• anestrus

• cow- 12-18hr
• mare- 3-10d
• sow- 48-72hr
• goat- 12-24hr
• sheep- 24-36hr

• cow- 12-18 hr after end
• mare- 24-48hr before end
• sow- 24-42hr after onset
• goat- 12-24hr after onset
• sheep- towards end

• cow- 16d
• mare- 15d
• sow- 14d
• goat- 18d
• sheep-12d

• primary- standing to be mounted
• secondary- mounting others, clear mucus, hyperactivity, bellowing

• primary- stands for mounting
• secondary- restless, tail switching, seeking male, vocalization

• primary- stand for mounting, response to pressure
• secondary- anorexia, restlessness, salivation, grunting

• almost none without male
• tail elevation
• winking of vulva
• posturing
• stands for mounting

• estrus- cervix no change, tonic uterus, CL <1cm, follicle 1.5-2.5cm
• diestrus- cervix no change, flaccid uterus, CL 3cm, follicles >1cm

• estrus- relaxed cervix, flacid uterus, follicle >30mm
• diestrus- tight cervix, tonic uterus, CL not palpable, follicles <30mm

• tx btw 5 and 7 d, luteolysis, follicular maturation, estrus, ovulation btw 2 and 5 d after tx
• tx after d 10 more likely to respond, estrus less synchronous
• tx btw d 5 and 10 less likely to responde, more synchronous
• if not working then prob acyclic
• must have normal repro organs, non-preg, regular estrous cycles
• double inj- 11 d apart, estrus 2-5d after inj
• single inj- palpate CL and only tx these

• artificially prolong estrous cycle and abruptly stop to mimic luteal regression
• norgestomet- implant SQ in ear, inj also
• suppress estrus and ovulation for 9d
• remove implant and estrus follows in 36-60hr
• calf removal for 48hr at time of implant removal

• induce estrus during anestrous season- expose to 16hr/d of light during late winter and remove 60d before breeding
• introduce ram in late summer- induced ovulation not with estrus, second ovulation is fertile
• melatonin implants

• norgestomet- half implants, 1/8 inj, remove after 9-14d, estrus in 3d
• oral (MGA), intravaginal (CIDR)
• mimic luteal phase so no LH

double inj 9 days apart bc shorter time btw estrous cycles than cow

implants or intravaginal

• effective only during normal breeding season
• 2 doses at 10 d interval

expose to 16 hr light per day- start in early Dec bc takes 6 to 8 wks

• daily altrenogest for 10-15d to suppress LH
• estrus 2-5d after stop altrenogest
• more successful if mare follicle >20-25mm
• "estrus suppression"

one daily results in ovulation 12-22d after tx started

• hCG- 36 to 48 h
• GnRH (desorelin)- 36-40 h

• Cl must be mature/ >5d post ovulation
• indications- shorter cycle, retained CL, term preg
• lutalyse, estrumate
• 2 inj 14-18 d apart
• use with prog- altrenogest 8-14d then PGF, estrus in 2 to 5d

• expose to boar when approaching puberty to simulate follicular growth and reach first estrus sooner
• relocate to breeding pen or mix groups to stimulate follicular growth
• true lactational anestrus- follicular growth at weaning and estrus 4 to 9d after weaning

CL not responsive until d 12-14 so not useful to synch

• altrenogest fed for 14-18d
• withdraw and estrus in 2d
• not approved in US

regresses CL

• inhibit LH
• block ovulation
• inhibit behavioral estrus

• stimulate follicular growth
• oocyte maturation

• stimulate follicular recruitment and growth
• except in mare

• stimulate behavioral estrus
• luteolytic in cow
• luteotropic in sow (CL will persist longer)
• supress follicular growth- mare

• utilize superior sires
• easy to ship semen
• males more carefully selected
• danger and expense of maintaining male is eliminated
• less chance of venereal dz

• trained techs required
• rapid spread of genetic abnormalities
• narrowing of genetic base

• frozen in liquid nitrogen
• tank should contain several inches of nitrogen
• canisters never raised above neck of refigerator
• select semen package in 9-15 sec

• AI
• electro-ejaculation

semen deposited in uterine body

• not widely used
• laparoscopic with smen deposited into uterine lumen
• male- small vol

• restrain doe with hindquarters elevated
• male- small vol

• fresh- mare inseminated soon after collection
• chilled- extended, inseminated within 24 hrs
• frozen- inseminate within 6-8hrs of ovulation

• artificial vagina- mare in estrus, phantom
• extenders- 4:1
• dose- 500,000,000 progressively motile
• want to inseminate 48hr prior to ovulation so AI on alternate days during estrus- in uterine body

• fresh or frozen
• phantom, gloved hand, AV
• must have min vol of 50 ml with 1 billion motile
• inseminate 24-30hr after onset estrus
• pipettes with counterclockwise spiral for sow cervix

• trophoblast elongates and fills both horns
• 15-17d after mating
• luteotrophic substance released by embryo to prevent PGF and CL is maintained

day 15

• embryo mobile thru both horns to block PGF
• fixation day 15-17
• twins must be reduced prior to day 40

• day 13
• estradiol produced by blastocyst suspends luteolysis
• PGF produced but sequestered in uterine horn
• at least 4 live embryos are required to maintain pregnancy until day 40
• elongation of trophoblast

• cow: 273-296 d (fetal giantism in some breeds)
• ewe: 140-155 d (Veratrum californicum on 14th d results in cyclopse and prolong gest.)
• doe: 148-156
• mare: 340-342 d (prolonged gest. normal)
• sow: 114 d

• cow: CL fxn to provide prog, prior to day 200 abort with PGF, after use dex and PGF to abort
• ewe: CL until day 50 then placenta secretes prog
• doe: CL dependent to supply prog
• mare: CL provides prog initially, supp CL after day 40, fetal prog by day 100
• sow: CL dependent for prog

• amniotic vesicle: 30-65d
• fetal membrane slip: 35-90d
• fetus: 65-70d
• placentomes: 85d
• contributory signs- fremitus of middle uterine artery

• mouse- 2mth
• rat- 3mth
• small cat- 4mth
• large cat- 5mth
• beagle- 6mth

low prog at 20-24d after breeding in cow returing to estrus and not preg

ultrasound- day 25, fetal sexing 55-75d

• return to estrus
• abdominal ballottment- d 90-130
• ultrasound- d 40, real time
• doppler- detect placental blood flow/heartbeat
• rads

• return to estrus in 21 d
• ab ballottment
• real time ultrasound
• doppler
• rads
• elevated prog at d 20 suggests preg
• detect estrone sulfate in blood (made by fetus)

• day 17-21: inc uterine tone, cervix firm
• day 35: fetal bulge 3-4cm
• day 42: fetal bulge 5-7cm
• day 60: fetal bulge 8-10cm (football size)
• day 90: soccer ball size

• endometrial cups day 40-150, highest eCG day 60- persist even if aborted
• high estrogen if preg after day 75

real time ultrasound- examine d 16 so can rebreed if not preg

• amplitude depth- d 30 to 45, tissue density and fluid density
• real time ultrasound

best results at 40-60d

• due to failure of ovulation
• >25m
• thin wall
• single or multiple
• one or both varies
• luteinized cysts are thicker walled
• ?inadequate LH, dysfxn, inc stress, hereditary
• anestrous mostly, can have frequent estrus
• tx- spontaneous regression, LH/hCG, GnRH (try 1st)
• estrus 3 wk after tx or give PGF 9 days later to reduce from 3wk to 12d

• co-twin to a male
• anastomosis btw placental vessels
• underdev
• no communication btw vagina and uterus
• karyotype, rectal palpation, 90% born co-twin

small repro tract

• white heifer dz
• cranial genital tract normal
• caudal uterine horns aplastic
• no drainage thru cervix so secretions accumulate in horns
• no signs of pregnancy

• dairy breeds
• polled goats

• clear fluid in uterus
• persistant CL
• expelled at d 50- cloudburst
• tx- PGF

• common in spring
• may respond to male for 30d

• persistant CL secretes prog
• tx- pGF

• granulaosa-thecal cell tumor
• secretes inhibin adn testosterone- no FSH and gt ovary atrophy
• benign
• abnormal estrous cycle, stallion like behavior

• block embryo migration
• older mares
• ddx: amniotic vessicle (grows faster than cyst)

• failure of vulva to close leads to pneumovagina and infertility
• vaginitis, cervicitis, andometritis
• "wind sucking"
• tx- caslick

• seasonal infertility- summer anestrus
• 5-10% abnormal tracts- segmental aplasia, abnormal vulva
• cystic ovaries
• post partum anestrus for gilts
• anestrus if housed alone

• early abortions (17d- 5mth)
• repeat breeding
• long calving season
• no signs in bull- lesionless carrier (older bulls more likely affected bc epithelial crypts in prepuce)
• dx- culture of vaginal mucus/preputial smegma (diamond's media)
• survives freezing
• female infected at breeding
• vacc prior to breeding

• C. fetus ss. venerealis
• early abortions (4-7mth)
• repeat breeding
• long claving season
• dx- culture aborted fetus lung, liver, abomasal content- culture female tract- culture preputial smegma (clarks media)
• some chronic carrier cows
• bulls- leasionless carrier (older bulls more likely affected)
• vacc prior to breeding

• pizzle rot in sm rum
• 1. ulcers around mouth, nose and legs
• 2. venereal dz
• parapoxvirus
• ulcers covered by scabs
• ddx: contagious ecthyma (orf)

• reportable in US
• rapidly spreading venereal dz
• Taylorella equigenitalis- gram neg
• copious vaginal discharge within a few days after breeding
• dec fertility
• stallion- lesionless carrier
• dx- culture (Amies charcoal)
• tx- Ab uterine infusion, clitorectomy, topical Ab on penis

• equine herpesvirus 3
• venereal
• no abortion
• no affect on fertility
• small raised papules/pustules/ulcers on vestibular mucosa, vulva, and perineum of mares or penis of stallions
• spontaneously heal in 2 wk
• may depress libido

• P- in water
• K- in soil
• usually not pathogenic forms
• culture

• systmeic illenss- fever, leukopenia, edema, stiffness, nasal discharge, skin rash, abortion
• high percent Standardbreds
• stallions can be chronic shedders
• dx- serology, culture semen, test breeding
• vacc- vacc induced Ab

• purulent metritis and cervicitis in sows
• early embryonic death
• orchitis/epididymitis in boars
• Brucella suis
• dx- serology, culture
• tx- slaughter

• most ascending
• vaginitis, cervicitis, retained placenta, trauma from dystocia
• dx- culture, cytology, biopsy, ultrasound
• tx- Ab, lavage, prostaglandins

• Actinomyces pyogens
• tx- penicillin

• Strep. zooemidemicus
• E. coli
• Pseudomonas
• Klebsiella
• Candida
• Aspergillus
• tx- penicillin

• SMEDI (porcine parvo, PRRS, psuedorabies)
• lepto
• erysipelothrix
• toxoplasmosis
• actinomyces
• aspergillus
• salmonella

• prior to sale
• prior to breeding
• id and diagnose infertility
• large testes and >70% normal sperm results in preg rates inc >7%

• Hx
• ID
• PE
• Genital exam
• observe sexual behavior if possible
• semen collection
• semen eval
• interpretation of findins

• very good- vigorous swirls
• good- slow swirls and eddies
• fair- no waves of mevement, cells moving
• poor- very slow, erratic motion

• primary- major- serious effects on fertility
• secondary- minor- less likely to affect fertility
• tertiary- iatrogenic

• <15mth= 30cm
• >24mth= 34cm

• very good >70%
• good 50-69%
• fair 30-49%
• poor <30%

• min 30 cm scrotal circumference
• fair gross motility
• min 30% individual motility
• 70%normal morphology

• bull
• equals or surpasses all min thresholds
• no evidence of breeding related abnormalities

• bull
• below one or more min thresholds
• genetic faults
• irreversible physical abnormalities

• bull
• does not fit satisfactory or unsatisfactory categories
• likely to show improvement (immature yearling, unobtaineable ejaculate, treatable physical defect)
• re-examine later

• vol- 0.5-1ml
• gross motility- rapidly swirling
• individual motility >75%
• morphology >75%

• BCS 1 or2- questionable
• BCS 3 or 4- satisfactory
• BCS 5- questionable
• no abnormalities (post-legged, foot rot, foot abscess)

• excellent- SC >35cm, otility >50%, normal 90%, can breed at least 100 ewes in 60d
• satisfactory- SC>33cm, motility >30%, normal >70%, can breed at least 50 ewes in 60d
• questionable
• unsatisfactory
• cull, tx, or retest Q & U

• min 8cm scrotal width
• achieve preg rate >75%

• satisfactory- no significant abnormalities
• two ejaculates, 1 hr part- 1 billion PMMN sperm in 2nd, 60% progressive motility and normal morphology
• questionable- borderline in 2 or more criteria
• unsatisfactory- very low in 2 or more criteria, physical shortcomings, heritable defects

• lameness is major cause of dec breeding performance
• check preputial diverticulum

• largest semen vol of all species
• motility 70-90%
• morphology >85%

death of conceptus before completion of organogenesis

• in utero death after organogenesis
• before expulsion or extraction from dam

death within 28 d of birth

includes fetal and neonatal deaths

expulsion of conceptus incapable of independent life

expulsion of viable fetus before full term

neonate small and immature for gestational age

defects or infections present at birth or abortion

• dairy- dystocia, diarrhea, pneumonia
• beef- hypoxia, injury

• mortality inc as litter size inc and birth wt dec
• env and nutritional

env and nutrition

• 2% of Thoroughbreds
• spesis

• high in domestic animals
• embryo reabsorbed so rarely observed

• early abortions usually not observed
• fetus dies in utero and expelled within 24-72h with varying degrees of autolysis (6-12h cloudy cornea, 24h soft kidney, 36-96h color changes in skin)
• <50% diagnosed definitively

• most common lesion with infectious abortion
• acute- invade placentomes- hyperemia- necrosis- fetal invasion
• chronic- periphery of placentome- thickening of chorioallantois- separation of affected cotyledons

• hematogenous- brucellosis, listeria, lepto
• extension from uterus- toxoplasmosis, campylobacter fetus, actinomyces pyogens
• ascending from vagina

• directly- umbilical vein
• indirectly- amniotic fluid (inhalation, ingestion, skin)

• edema
• fetal autolysis
• but these are non-specific

fetal liver, lung, intestine, placenta

• all considered infectious until proven otherwise
• tx as herd problem
• separate leak proof containers
• chilled not frozen
• submit intact abomasum, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, adrenal glands, placenta
• organs in 10% formalin
• swabs less desirable
• badly decomposed- brain contents, uterine swabs
• serology- least informative, serum from dam at abortion and 2-3wks after (compare with histo, micro, and cytologic data)

• most common
• L. pomona
• 2-3 wks until term
• infection persists for 6mth-1yr
• dx- not all fetuses have organism, sow Ab present at abortion

• Brucella suis
• venereal dz (unlike cattle which is via ingestion)
• boars- infected for life
• no vacc
• abortion at all stages
• zoonotic

• PPV
• porcine enterovirus
• psuedorabies virus
• hog cholera
• PPRS
• virus crosses placenta and kills conceptus before maternal recognition (d 11-12)
• <35 d- skeletal mineralization so irregular return to heat
• >35 d- fetal mummification, all die or if 2 or more survive then normal gestation
• >70 d- fetal Ab, may survive, born weak

• bovine abortion
• abortion storms
• major viral cause in US
• fetal lesions- inclusion bodies

• bovine abortion
• abortion in last 2 mths
• dx- lepto in placenta, fetus, cow's urine

• bovine abortion
• retained fetal membranes (RFM)- discharge highly infectious

• ovine abortion
• major bacterial cause

• ovine abortion
• late abortion

• ovine abortion
• placental lesions- specific cotyledonitis "pepperoni pizza placenta"

• EHV-1
• equine abortion
• most common infectious late cause
• last trimester
• highly contagious
• fetal lesion- fresh fetus, hepatic intranuclear inclusion bodies

• equine abortion
• most common bacterial cause

• segregation
• loss of appestite
• anxiety
• restlessness

• udder dev- heifers at 4mth, pluriparous at 2-3wks
• relaxation of pelvic lig- raised tail head
• flaccid edematous vulva
• tenacious mucus discharge- cervical plug softens at 7mth
• anorexia and restlessness- few hr prior to calving
• similar in ewes and does- less udder dev

• udder dev- primiparous at 3-6wk, pluriparous at 2-4 wk, waxing of colostrum at 24-48hr
• relaxation of pelvic lig
• vulva becomes edematous
• most foal at night
• mare able to exercise come control- disturbances may delay

• mammary glands- firm 1-3d prior, secretions 48h prior
• nest building
• vulvar swelling- 3-4d prior

• relaxation of cervix and myometrial contractions
• cow 6-12hr
• ewe and doe 6-12hr
• mare 1-4hr
• sow 2-12hr

• expulsion of fetus
• rupture of chrioallantois
• uterine contractions inc
• fetus enters birth canal- ferguson's reflex
• cow: primiparous 4hr, pluriparous 1-2hr
• ewe and doe: 0.5-2hr, twins longer
• mare: 5-40 min, intact amnion, mare remains recumbent 15-30min
• sow: 30min-10hr, longest interval btw 1&2 and last

• expulsion of fetal membranes
• cow 0.5-8hr, pathologic 12hr, uterine involution 60d
• ewe and doe 0.5-4hr, uterine involution 30d
• sow 2-3 intervals during parturition
• mare 0.5-3hr, pathologic after 4hr, uterine involution 14d

• maternal 25%
• fetal 75%
• more common in primipara

• rectovaginal constriction
• multiple fetuses
• prolonged gestation
• hydrops
• hydrocephalus
• double muscling

• small dam
• overnutrition- fat deposits
• lack of exercise- uterine inertia

• hereditary
• uterine torsion
• uterine inertia
• trauma
• nutrition and management
• fetal monsters
• fetopelvic disproportion

• primary- cow and sow, lack of oxytocin or response by uterus
• secondary- all species, peritonitis, sepsis, complication of prolonged dystocia

• Hx- breeding date, parity, duration of labor
• unusual symptoms
• restraint
• general exam of dam

• cow 8-12hr after onset stage 2
• ewe and doe 8-12hr after onset stage 2, poor dam survival
• mare 30-40min after onset stage 2, mare survival poor
• sow 1st fetus dies after 6hr, all dead after 24-36hr

• withdrawal reflex
• corneal reflex
• suckling reflex
• anal sphincter reflex
• pulse
• cloudy cornea 8-12h
• hair comes of 24-48hr
• emphysema 24-48h

• relation of spinal axis of fetus to dam
• longitudinal (cranial/caudal) vs transverse (dorsal/ventral)

• relation of dorsum of fetus to quadrants of maternal pelvis
• dorsosacral- ideal
• dorsopubic
• dorsoiliac

• relation of extremities (head, neck, limbs) to fetus
• flexed or extended

• forelimb- three joints
• hindlimb- two joints

operations that retuen fetus to normal PPP

pushing fetus out of pelvis or birth canal

turning fetus on its long axis

turning fetus on its transverse axis

withdrawal of fetus by outside force or traction

operations to reduce the size of the fetus

fetal monster with severe ventral curvature of spine and incomplete closure of abdominal wall

use judiciously bc interferes with dams ability to help expel fetus

• commonly mishandled with too much traction
• loop chain above fetlock and around pastern, dorsal surface
• extraction possible if extend 10cm beyond vulva
• put cow in right lateral
• only pulls when cow strains
• rotate fetus 90 degrees when thorax is extracted

• fetus can die quickly
• cow in right lateral
• rotate fetus 90 degrees immediately
• hips delivered then rotate back

• posterior longitudinal
• dorsosacral
• hips flexed
• limbs extended under abdomen
• inadequate dilation of birth canal

• inadequate size of birth canal
• severly emphysematous fetus
• uterine rupture

• limited indications
• corticosteroids and PGF

• only for medical condition like premature placental separation
• rupture of prepubic tendon
• attended foaling required (prevent nursing)
• not for convenience
• not for prolonged gestation
• 330d
• colostrum in udder
• relaxation of lig
• cervical relaxation
• oxytocin (not labeled dose)

• management tool
• PGF on d 111 or 112
• oxytocin 20hr after PGF

• colostrum intake 1-2h after birth
• IgG dec by 33% in 6hr, dec by 66% in 24hr
• calves ingesting E. coli prior to colostrum closes gut and prevents absorption of Abs
• should consume 6-10% of body wt in first 24hrs

• 20 d postpartum
• silent estrus bc no prog
• delay of ovulation bc neg energy balance

• 40-60d post partum
• nursing blocks LH
• wean at 205d

• 6mth post partum
• seasonal influence- anestrus in spring

• foal heat 5-12d post partum
• best results if over 10d PP bc uterine involution takes 10-14d

• true lactational anestrus
• behavioral estrus 1-5d post partum but no ovulation
• ovulation interval inversely proportional to length of lactation
• group weaning to synch
• post weaning anestrus in summer

• 5-10% in dairy
• 1% in beef
• twins, short/long gestation, abortion after 5mth, dystocia, vit deficiency, uterine inertia, hot weather
• retained in gravid uterine horn
• malodorous
• expelled after necrosis and sloughing of caruncles in 4-10d
• tx- no manual removal, oxytocin if <24hr or PGF?, no tx and just monitor, Ab
• prognosis good without metritis

• uncommon
• dystocia, retained fetus, Se deficiency
• septic metritis
• tx- oxytocin, Ab, tetnus, supportive

• tip of nongravid horn
• dystocia, cesarean, uterine inertia
• septic metritis
• tx- no manual removal, oxytocin, Ab, NSAIDs, tetanus, PGF, burns technique
• prognosis fair to good without complications

• uncommon
• dystocia
• tx- oxytocin, Ab, supportive

Actinomyces pyogens- most common, white pus, unsanitary env, tx penicillin and PGF and Ab and lavage

• forced extraction
• manual placental removal
• sontaneous resolution, tx oxytocin
• middle uterine artery rupture
• laceration
• hematomas
• paralysis
• uterine rupture

• most common in cow
• clean, elevate pelvic brim
• tx- reduce edema, replace bottom and sides first, oxytocin, amputation