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pharm L2 drug action.txt

  1. What is pharmacodynamics?
    How drugs work in our bodies
  2. What is pharmacokinetics?
    Fate of drug in body
  3. What are the four steps of pharmacokinetics?
    • 1) Absorption
    • 2) Diffusion
    • 3) Metabolism
    • 4) excretion
  4. What types of molecules are utilized in the body?
    Free molecules
  5. What is the largest size molecule that can enter systemic circulation?
    45kD
  6. What is a drug?
    Small, organic molecules that interact with body
  7. What are the two mechanisms of drug action?
    • 1) chemical rxns with body ingredients
    • 2) receptor - effector concept
  8. What are some chemical rxns and their function? (mads)
    • Methenamine: release formaldehyde for UTI
    • Antacids: gastric acid neutralization
    • Disinfectants: destroy membranes
    • Some anesthetics
  9. What are drug receptors?
    molecular sites where drugs bind and have their effect
  10. What are the 7 common drug receptors?
    • Neurotransmitter
    • Enzymes
    • Intracellular receptors
    • Transport proteins
    • Ion channels
    • Ligand gated channels
    • nucleic acids
  11. What are five common characteristics of receptors?
    • Smaller than 45kD
    • glycosylated
    • often reversible
    • saturable
    • up-regulation or down-regulation (no stimulation = up-regulation)
  12. What is the rule for drug clearance?
    once the drug is removed from body, the reaction will stop
  13. What is the one main exception to the drug clearance rule?
    Corticosteroids: they alter genes and can last for weeks after clearance
  14. What are the four irreversible specific drug-receptor interactions?
    • 1) electrostatic interaction
    • 2) hydrogen bonding
    • 3) hydrophobic interactions
    • 4) Van der Waals forces
  15. What is the one reversible specific drug-receptor interactions?s
    Covalent bonding
  16. What are the five basic receptor-effector receptors (mechanisms)?
    • 1) intracellular
    • 2) Tyrosine kinase (Allosteric)
    • 3) cytokine
    • 4) ion channel (ligated)
    • 5) G-protein (Gs or Gi)
  17. Name the 6 intracellular receptors that affect gene expression?
    • Corticosteroids
    • Mineralcorticoids
    • Sex steroids
    • Vitamin D
    • Thyroid hormones
    • P450 inducers
  18. What drugs utilize tyrosine kinase receptors?
    • Insulin
    • Epidermal growth factor
    • platelet-derived growth factor
  19. What are three common tyrosine kinase inhibitors? (-nibs)
    • Imatinib
    • Sorafenib
    • Sunitinib
  20. What is a common cytokine receptor mechanism?
    JAK-STAT
  21. What are three ligand gated receptor channels and their effects?
    • GABAA→chloride
    • Nicotinic/ACh →sodium
    • Glutamate →Sodium & Calcium
  22. What happens to sensitization after agonists are in contact with G-proteins over a long period of time?
    desensitization
  23. What G protein forms cAMP? Inhibits cAMP?
    • Activates = Gs
    • Inhibits = Gi
  24. What converts ATP to cAMP?
    Adenylyl cyclase
  25. What is the effect of phosphorylation on Ca and K channels?
    • Ca = open
    • K = close
  26. Drugs that stimulate cAMP and their receptors?
    • Epinephrine (β1andβ2)
    • Norepinephrine (β1andβ2)
    • Isoproterenol (β1andβ2)
    • Dopamine (DA1)
    • Dobutamine (β1)
    • Histamine (H2)
    • FSH
    • Glucagon
    • ACTH
  27. Drugs that inhibit cAMP and their formation?
    • Norepinephrine (α2)
    • Dopamine (D2)
    • Clonidine (α2)
    • Acetylcholine (M2)
    • Morphine (μ, κ, δ)
    • Serotonin (5-HT1)
  28. What is the polyphosphoinositide signalling pathway? Functions of products?
    • Gq - activate Phospholipase C - hydrolyze PIP2 - IP3 & DAG created
    • IP3 = Ca released from intracellular stores
    • DAD = stimulate PK-C
  29. What drugs stimulate the Gq pathway? Receptors?
    • Acetylcholine: M1 & M3
    • NE & Epi: Alpha 1
    • Phenylephrine: Aplha 1
    • Serotonin: 5-HT1c
  30. Review of the cGMP/NO pathways?
    • cGMP
    • Guanylyl cyclase stimulation = cGMP
    • cGMP = vascular relaxation

    • NO
    • histamine or M receptors stimulated in vascular endothelium = Calcium increase = calbinding activation = NO synthase activation = arginine conversion to NO & Citruline
    • NO = paracrine effect via diffusion = vasodilation
  31. Is NO a Paracrine or Autocrine?
    Paracrine
  32. What is the effect of sildenafil (viagra) on NO and why?
    Maintains NO effect by inhibitin phosphodiesterase V that would inhibit cGMP
  33. What muscarinic receptors is activated by Ach to produce NO?
    M3
  34. What three second messenger systems will affect gene expression?
    • Guanylate cyclase
    • Adenylate cyclase
    • Phospholipase C
  35. What is an agonist?
    induce a receptor
  36. What is an antagonist?
    blocks agonist
  37. T/F Antagonists have a biological effect like Agonists?
    F, agonists are the only ones that have a biological effect (except for sympathetic tone areas)
  38. What are three common agonists and their antagonists?
    • Acetylcholine - Atropine
    • Epi alpha-1 - Phentolamine
    • Epi Beta-1&2 - Propranolol
    • Histamine H1 - Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
    • Histamine H2 - Cimetidine
  39. If you have 1% of Beta receptors on the surface, which is greater: binding or effect?
    Binding, b/c of so many that are not being activated
  40. What is affinity?
    propensity of a drug to bind to a receptor (agonist and antagonist)
  41. What is potency?
    dose required to produce an effect (agonist and antagonist)
  42. What is efficacy?
    biological response (agonist only)
  43. What are the four types of antagonists?
    • Competitive
    • non-competitive
    • functional (physiological)
    • Chemical
  44. What is a competitive antagonist and its effect on the graph?
    • What? binds to receptors and requires more agonist to overcome
    • Graph change? shift to right, Emax stays the same
  45. What is non-competitive antagonism and changes on graph?
    • What? allosteric binding so agonist cannot bind to receptors
    • Graph? downward shift as Emax drops
  46. What is functional antagonism?
    antagonist acting through different mechanism to counteract agonist effect
  47. What is chemical antaonism?
    antagonist interacts directly with agonist and inactivates it
  48. What is a partial agonist and when does it function?
    • What? can act as a competitive antagonist
    • Function? with full agonist
  49. What happens to efficacy with a inverse agonist?
    Efficacy (Effect) decreases
  50. What type of agonist do you want to use to inhibit a constituitive receptor?
    • inverse agonist
    • * If binding occurs the reaction will be decreased
  51. What are three common inverse agonists?
    • 5-HT2
    • GABAA
    • Alpha2
  52. Difference b/t:
    -Graded DR curves
    -Quantal DR curves
    • Graded: one system
    • Quantal: population (Y or N)
  53. Therapeutic Ration formulas for Adults and animals?
    • Adults: TR = TD50/ED50
    • Animals: TR = LD50/ED50
  54. What is the formula for margin of safety?
    LD1/ED99

    * formed from area of overlap b/t two curves
  55. Two most common outcomes of chronic drug use?
    • Tolerance
    • dependence
  56. What are the three drug tolerances and their definitions?
    • Pharmacokinetic tolerance: drug not as effective because it is removed more rapidly
    • Pharmacodynamic tolerance: lessened effect due to less receptors, etc...
    • Tachyphylaxis: tolerance occurs quickly (common with amines b/c of pool depletion)
  57. Two drugs that can cause tachyphylaxis?
    Acetaminophen & Tyramine
  58. Name the four mechanisms of tolerance and their definitions?
    • desensitization: channel inactivation or phosphorylation inactivation
    • down regulation: ligand induced endocytosis
    • physiologic tolerance: two drugs with effects that counterbalance
    • competitive tolerance: antagonist with an agonist
  59. What drug can cause desensitization?
    Succinylcholine
  60. Are drugs more selective or specific?
    Selective
  61. What are two drug selectivities?
    • Beneficial
    • Toxic
  62. Name the five methods of increased drug activity?
    • Chemically induced
    • Surgically induced
    • Deficiency in degrading enzymes
    • Competition for binding
    • Physiologic synergism
  63. How does halothane increase activity?
    • Chemically
    • * increases catecholamine sensitivity
  64. How does succinylcholine have increased activity?
    • Deficient degrading enzyme
    • ** no cholinesterase
  65. How does Primaquine have increased activity?
    • Deficient degrading enzyme
    • ** no G6P Dehydrogenase
  66. Why do you have to decrease warfarin in patients that take phenytoin
    • Competition for binding sites
    • ** phenytoin will displace warfarin from albumin so more is available which would increase bleeding
  67. Name three types of physiologic synergism?
    • Additive or summation: the effect of the combination is the sum of the two individual effects (e.g. NSAIDs)
    • Synergism: the effect of the combination is larger than the sum of the two individual effects (e.g. antihypertensive agents,)
    • Potentiation: one drug that does not have a specific effect increases the effect of another drug (e.g. cholinesterase inhibitors, GABA - benzodiazepines)
  68. Which three drugs can have several responses?
    • Phenothiazines
    • Antihistamines
    • CNS depressants
  69. What is an overextension reaction?
    The reaction had more toxic effects, even utilizing the same receptor-effector system, than expected
  70. What type of immune response is anaphylactic shock?
    IgE mediated
  71. What are three characteristics of drugs that create hypersensitivity reactions?
    • Bind macromolecules
    • highly charged
    • long half-life
  72. What is the common percent of the placebo effect?
    20%-40%
  73. What organ do aminoglycosides toxify?
    kidney & ear
  74. What organ do Acetaminophens toxify?
    Liver
  75. Toxic effects of Chloramphenicols?
    aplastic anemia
  76. Toxic effects of Tetracycline?
    teeth and bone
  77. Why are thalomide, methotrexate, phenytoin and warfarin dangerous?
    They are teratogenic
  78. Idiosyncrasy of succinylcholine?
    Apnea
  79. Idiosyncrasy of Isoniazid?
    fast and slow acetylation
  80. Idiosyncrasy of primaquine?
    hemolytic anemia
  81. Idiosyncrasy of barbituate?
    induced porphyria w/ abnormal heme synthesis
  82. What is a type I rxn to a drug?
    drug binds to IgE that has bound to the Fc region of an antibody
  83. 3 examples of Type I hypersensitivity?
    • Anaphylaxis
    • Urticaria
    • Angioedema
  84. What drug is administered to resolve a type 1 hypesensitivity rxn?
    epinephrine 0.5 ml of 1:1000 solution
  85. What is a Type II hypersensitivity Rxn?
    Autoimmune syndromes induced by drugs (IgM or IgG binding causing complement)
  86. What is a Type III hypersensitivity Rxn? Drugs that resolve?
    • Rxn mediated by immune complexes
    • Drugs: corticosterois (Sulfonamides, thiuracil, penicillin, anticonvulsants, iodides)
  87. What is a type IV hypersensitivity Rxn?
    • Cell mediated or delayed
    • * often occurs with topical drugs (poison ivy)
Author
kepling
ID
99141
Card Set
pharm L2 drug action.txt
Description
pharm L2 drug action
Updated

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