CCHT/Test

  1. Kidneys maintain homeostasis by?
    maintaining constant chemical and fluid balance
  2. How much of the total blood suppy enters the kidney with each heart beat?
    one fourth
  3. The functional unit of the kidney is called?
    Nephron
  4. What part of the nephron is similiar to the hollow fiber membrane of the dialyzer?
    Glomerulus - both have walls that are semipermeable
  5. Name the 7 functions of the kidney.

    *A Wet Bed*
    • 1. acid/base balance(pH)
    • 2. water removal
    • 3. electrolyte balance
    • 4. toxin(waste)removal
    • 5. blood pressure regulation
    • 6. erythopoietin-stimulates RBC's
    • 7. vitamin D production
  6. Define: CKD
    Chronic Kidney Disease
  7. Define: ESRD
    End Stage Renal Disease
  8. Define: ARF
    • Acute Renal Disease
    • -usually reversible, lasting 2-4 wks
  9. Uremia is used to describe signs and symptoms that accompany CKD. The signs/symptoms include:
    edema, hypertension, anorexia, restlessness, dyspnea, fatigue, weakness
  10. Excess fluid in blood causes?
    hypertension - High BP
  11. Excess electrolytes causes
    potassium levels rise lead to cardiac rhthm problems

    phosphorus levels lead to bone disease and calcification of blood vessels
  12. Waste products such as creatinine and BUN cause
    • nausea, vomiting
    • decreased appetite
    • fatigue
    • headaches
  13. Hyperkalemia - Potassium level greater than 5.5
    caused by diet, infection, hyperglycemia and homolysis

    symptoms: muscle weakness, abnormal heart rhythm, bradycardia, cardiac arrest
  14. Hypernatremia - sodium level greater than 146mEq/L
    caused by excessive water loss

    symptoms: restlessness, fever, dry mucos membranes, muscle weakness, difficult respiration, headaches, hypertension, crenation(shriveling of RBC's)
  15. Hyponatremia - sodium level less than 135mEq/L
    caused by excessive intake or retension of fluid

    symptoms: anxiety, headache, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, clammy skin, hypotension, muscle cramps, hemolysis
  16. Hypercalcemia - calcium greater than 10.5 mg/dL
    caused by hyperparathyroidism, diet, medication or dialysate

    symptoms: lethargy, headache, irritablility, muscle weakness, cardiac arrest
  17. Hypocalcemia - calcium level less than 8.4 mg/dL
    caused by infections, parathyroidectomy, diet, medication, too low calcium in dialysate

    symptoms: numbness, tingling, muscle spasms, convulsions, cardiac sysrthythmias, bleeding
  18. Normal body pH is?
    7.35 - 7.45
  19. Hypotention occurs when?
    vascular space is depleted, and fluid shift from intercellular has not occurred as rapidly as fluid removal from vascular space
  20. Cramping:
    caused from sodium and fluid pulled to rapidly, causing muscle spasms
  21. Hypertension:
    cause by fluid/volume overload; can also be associated with renin secretion
  22. Interdialytic weight gain
    pre weight - last post weight
  23. UFR
    amount of fluid removed each hour of tx

    (goal/hours of tx = UFR)
  24. Osmosis
    fluid moves from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration - attempts to move fluid to have an equal concentration on both sides of semipermeable membrane
  25. Diffusion
    solutes move from a higher solute concentration to a lower solute concentration - attempts to equalize the solutes on both sides of semipermeable membrane
  26. Creatinine, phosphorus, and urea ______ _____ of the patients blood, into the dialysate and down the drain.
    move out
  27. Bicarbonate, calcium, glucose, and potassium can cross the semipermeable membrane in __________ ___________ (diffusion: will move frome area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration)
    either direction
  28. Bacteria is too __________ to cross an intact semipermeable membrane that may be present in dialysate.
    large
  29. Normal Sodium serum level:
    135-146mEq/L
  30. Normal Potassium serum level:
    3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L
  31. Normal Calcium serum level:
    8.5 - 10.5 mg/dL
  32. Normal Magnesium serum level:
    1.7 - 2.5 mEq/L
  33. Normal Chloride serum level:
    98 - 106 mEq/L
  34. Bicarbonate consists of 3 elements:
    • *acid concentrate
    • *bicarbonate concentrate
    • *dialysis quality water
  35. The acid concentrate contains the _____________.
    electrolytes
  36. Range of sodium in dialysate:
    135 - 145 mEq/L
  37. Range of potassium in dialysate:
    0 - 4 mEq/L
  38. Range of calcium in dialysate:
    2.5 - 3.5 mEq/L
  39. Range of magnesium in dialysate:
    .5 - 1.0 mEq/L
  40. Range of chloride in dialysate:
    100 - 124 mEq/L
  41. Range of bicarbonate in dialysate:
    32 - 40 mEq/L
  42. Range of glucose in dialysate:
    0 - 250 mg/dL
  43. Over mixing of bicarbonate concentration must be acoided because
    may cause carbon dioxide loss and an increase in pH which will result in the formation of precipitate!
  44. Level of bacteria in equipment/dialysate is:
    less than 200 CFU/mL

    action level of 50 CFU/mL
  45. Level of endotoxin level in equipment/dialysate is:
    less than 2 EU/mL

    action level of 1 EU/mL
  46. Conductiviity is defined as a substances ablility to conduct and electrical current.
    acceptable range: 13.0 - 15.5 mMhos
  47. pH refers to the acidity of a solution
    acceptable range: 7.0-7.4
  48. Dialysate temperature
    35 - 39degrees Celcius

    keeping this range helps avoid hemolysis or crenation of RBC's
  49. Healthy person is exposed to 14L of drinking water per week. CKD patient is exposed to 360L of water per week.
    Healthy kidneys remove contaminents in drinking water; CKD patients do not have this protection. This is why water must pass through a treatment system.
  50. AAMI
    Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation
  51. Inorganic Chemical Contaminants are monitored on a
    annual basis
  52. Microbial matter (bacteria and endotoxins) is monitored on a
    monthly basis

    Endotoxins can cause pyrogenic reactions
  53. Total Chlorine monitored prior to first pt tx and every 4 hours after. Too high chlorine levels can
    cause hemolysis or pt death
  54. Hard water tested at the end of the day can cause
    scaling of the membranes, with potential damage to RO membranes.
  55. Backflow Preventor:
    required by municipalities; tested annually

    Prevents treated water and disinfectants from backing up into the city water supply.
  56. Blend valve: allows the membrane to function at the most efficient temperature
    77 degrees

    too hot a temp can damage the RO membrane
  57. Booster Pump
    controls pressure so there is adequate pressure to run RO and to push water around loop. Eliminates wide pressure fluctuations.
  58. Multimedia Filter filters out silt and sand
    water enters the top of the tank and flows to the bottom coming in contact with progressively smaller filtering particles

    Backwashing nightly to remove trapped particles
  59. Water softener removes calcium and magnesium via ion transfer.

    Soften water keeps the RO running smoothly with no damage to membrane.
    works with the brine tank to exchange sodium for calcium and magnesium.

    Regenerates nightly, flushing Ca and Mg from system and replacing with Na.
  60. Carbon Tanks essential for the removal of chlorine/chloramines.
    there is primary tank(s) and secondary tank(s) in a series. They are backwashed nightly. They have to be replaced or rebedded when they no longer absorb chlorine/chloramines.
  61. Chlorine is checked ?
    prior to first pt tx, and every 4 hours after
  62. If chlorine levels are above .1mg/L then what??
    recheck post primary tank, if still above limit of .1 then check post secondary tank. If secondary tank is clear, then secondary tank must be checked every 30 min. If secondary tank does NOT pass, stop tx immediately!!
  63. RO prefilter removes fine carbon particles; placed after the carbon tanks and before the RO unit.
    must be replaced after water treatment systemdisinfection or per manufacture recommendations.
  64. Purification requires water to pass through RO membranes followed by an ultrafilter.
    Deionization followed by Ultrafilter may be present in the event the primary RO source is not working.
  65. RO (reverse osmosis) provides the system with dialysis quality water.
    It removes bacteria, viruses, endotoxins,salts, particles, andsome dissolved organic substances. It's the primary device of the water system. It uses a semipermeable membrane and pressure produced by a pump, the pressure forces water thru the membrane.
  66. DI tanks or deionization exhanges unwanted ions for water. They essentially collect contaminants and exchanges them for H2O.

    AAMI requires that DI tanks be followed by ultrafilters to capture any bacteria or endotoxins.
    DI tanks have resin beads that hold on to all ions. When they are exhausted, they have to be replaced!! Measured by resistance - alarm at 5meg, at 1 meg tx must stop!
  67. DI tanks can be used for backup for water purification
    DI tanks can be used to "polish" the RO
  68. Ultrafilters: or pyrogen or endotoxin filter is placed at the end of the water system. Is it capable of removing all viruses, bacteria and most endotoxins.
    Filters are replaced annually or according to manufacturers recommendation.
  69. Distribution loop is the transport systemt to bring purified water to the patients.
    Minimum flow of velocty is 3ft/sec to prevent the buildup of biofilm (slime made by microorganisms)
  70. Low venous pressure alarms if:separation of blood tubing from the venous fistula needle or catheter - needles came out of arm???? An occlusion in the blood tubing, or a clotted dialyzer.
    High venous pressure alarms if: occlusion or obstruction in blood tubing btw monitoring site and venous needle, bad positioning of needle, infiltration, poorly functioning catheter, clotting access
  71. Low arterial pressure d/t: occlusion of the arterial supply from vascular access, kink in blood tube, bad position or infiltration of arterial needle, blood pump set higher than access can provide, hypotension, vasoconstriction, poorly functioning access.
    High arterial pressure d/t: (0 or positive number) blood line seperation, leak between patient and monitor, decrease in pump speed, infusion of saline or medication.
  72. To assess maturation of a new AV fistula:

    (rule of 6's)
    • .6 cm below skin
    • 6-8 weeks for maturation
    • access bfr greater than 600mL/min
    • diameter greater than .6cm
  73. Advantages to AV fistula:
    reduced clotting and infections, no allergic reactions, lasts a long time, no activity restrictions, buttonhole capability
  74. Disadvantages of AV fistula:
    • time to mature
    • requires pt to excercize
    • may have inadequate blood flow rate
  75. Check for thrill and bruit
    • thrill is what you feel,
    • bruit is what you hear
  76. Advantage of AV graft:
    • can be used sooner than fistula, generally 4-6 wks
    • need to wait to cannulate til edema is gone, time for access to adhere to tissues
    • blood flow not dependent on maturation
    • no activity restrictions
  77. Disadvantages of AV Graft:
    • clotting
    • venous stenosis
    • infections
  78. Catheter - CVC advantages:
    • can be used immediately
    • used when problems with clotting or infections
    • used when extremity vessels are inadequate
    • used when emergency tx is needed
  79. Disadvantages to CVC's:
    clotting, infection, stenosis, recirculation, inadequate blood flow= inadequate dialysis, self image alterations, dislodgement, hemorrhage, air embolus
  80. Causes of hypertension pre-treatment
    • fluid overload
    • renin (vasoconstriction)
    • street drug usage
    • no adherence to prescribed medication schedule
  81. Causes of hypotension pre-treatment:
    • hehydration
    • antihypertensive meds
    • nitroglycerin patches
    • irregular heart rate
    • underlying cardiac disease
  82. Decreasing the patients blood flow rate affects the rate of:
    diffusion
  83. feed conductivityj minus product conductivity divided by 100 is the formula calculation of:
    percent rejection
  84. A slow pulse rate of 54 beats per minute would indicate the patient has:
    bradycardia

    Normal heart rate is 60-100 beats per minute
  85. Asepsis:
    the absense of disease producing organisms.
  86. Sepsis/Septic:
    invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins
  87. The National standard, based on the KDOQI guidelines, for the Urea Reduction Rate (URR) is a ratio greater then
    65%
  88. The medication used to treat anemia is:
    Epogen
  89. The medication used to improve calcium absorbsion is:
    Zemplar
  90. Signs/symptoms of hypotension
    • *gradual or sudden drop in bp
    • *flushing
    • *yawning
    • *dizziness
    • *ringing in the ears
    • *tachycardia
    • *anxious feeling
    • *nausea, vomiting
    • *cold, clammy skin
    • *seizures
    • *possible death
  91. Sodium Modeling: to assist in fluid removal, to reduce cramping, raise BP
    sodium content in the dialysate is higher than the pt's blood, sodium will diffuse from dialysate into pt's blood stream. Now by osmosis, fluid will move from tissues into vessels then removed via ultrafiltration.
  92. Muscle cramps caused by rapid shifts in fluid, hypoatremia, hypocalcemia
    intervention: saline bolus, reduce UFR, massage or apply opposing force

    prevention: sodium modeling, assess and adjust EDW
  93. Disequilibrium Syndrome (DDS):
    an acute increase in brain water.

    causes: too rapid changes in serum electrolytes, pH, blood vs brain tissue osmolarity
    Pt's at greatest risk: new pt's, pt's who have skipped tx

    signs/symptoms: headache, hypertension, nausea, vomiting, restlessness, convulsions, decrease in consciousness, coma, death
  94. Sterilant Infusion

    causes: no residual testing, inaccurate testing, rebound(can occur when sterilant trapped in potting compound is released during tx)
    signs/symptoms: immediate pain/burning in access, nausea, shortness of breath, flushing, chest pain, hypotension, tingling around mouth, gasoline tates

    Intervention: stop blood pump, DO NOT RETURN BLOOD!, assess vital signs, administer saline for low bp, oxygen, notify Dr., draw blood samples per Dr orders
  95. Hemolysis

    causes: hypotonic dialysate, blood pump not calibrated correctly, temp too high, chlorine, failure of conductivity meter, exposure to disinfectant
    signs/symptoms: blood appears "cranberry juice" color, anxiety, restlessness, pain in access arm, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, chest tightness, seizures, dysrhythmias, anemia, possible death

    interventions:stop blood pump, clamp lines, DO NOT RETURN BLOOD, give 02, notify Dr.
Author
KPOWELL
ID
99121
Card Set
CCHT/Test
Description
Certification Test for hemodiaylsis
Updated