Organic Chemistry/Water

an attractive force that links two atoms together in a molecule

form when atoms gain or lose one or more electrons to achieve stability; formed as the result of the electrical attraction between ions bearing opposite charges

an electrically charged particle that forms when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons

positively charged ions; Na+ has a charge of +1 because it has one less electron than it has protons

Negatively charged ions; Cl- has a charge of -1 because it has one more electron than it has protons

• forms when two atoms attain stable electron numbers in their outermost shells by sharing one or more pairs of electrons.
• Consider two hydrogen atoms coming in close proximity, each with an unpaired electron in its single shell. when the electrons pair up, stability occurs, forming the molecule H2

• involves the sharing of a single pair of electrons
• H-H or C-H

involves the sharing of four electrons (two pairs); C=C

six shared electrons- are rare, but there is one in nitrogen gas (N = N), which is a major component of the air we breathe.

The attractive force that an atomic nucleus exerts on electrons in a covalent bond

• if two atoms are close to each other in electronegativity, they will share electrons equally
• For ex) two oxygen atoms, each with an electronegativity of 3., will share electrons equally

when hydrogen bonds with oxygen to form water, the electrons involved are ..

when electrons are drawn to one nucleus more than the other

bond resulting from the attraction of the negatively charged oxygen atom of one water molecule is attracted to the positively charged hydrogen atoms of other water molecules

hydrogen bonds contribute to the heat capacity of water. Raising the temperature of liquid water takes a lot of heat, because much of the heat energy is used to break the hydrogen bonds that hold the liquid together

Hydrogen bonding also gives water a high heat of vaporization, means that a lot of heat is required to change water from its liquid to its gaseous state. Evaporation has a cooling effect on the environment.

defined as the capacity of water molecules to resist coming apart from one another when placed under tension

"water loving"

"water hating"

groups of atoms that give important properties to biological molecules; each functional group has specific chemical properties, and when attached to a larger molecule, confer those properties on the larger molecule

large molecules; formed by covalent linkages of smaller molecules (Monomers)

formed from different combinations of 20 amino acids, all of which chemical similarities

can be giant molecules, and are formed by linking together chemically similar suger monnomers (monosaccharides) to form polysaccharides

are formed from four kinds of nucleotide monomers linked together in long chains

also form from large structures from a limited set of smaller molecules, but in this case noncovalent forces maintain the interactions between lipid monomers

In hydrolysis, the addition of water breaks a polymer into monomers