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What steps in glycolysis yield ATP
1, 3 biphosphoglycerol --> 3 phosphoglycerate via phosphoglycerate kinase
phosphoenolpyruvate --> pyruvate via pyruvate kinase
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Role of Fructose 2,3 bisphosphate
To increase glycolysis (activates PFK1)
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Role of insulin in glycolysis
To increase glycolysis by activating hexokinase, PFK1 (via breaking down cAMP), and pyruvate kinase
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How is NADH reduced in presence of oxygen?
Through OAA reduced to malate, which can go to crebs cylcle, generate 3 ATP
Through DHAP reduced to glycerol 3 phosphate, which can donate electrons in inner membrane to FAD, produces 2 APT
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What is the cori cycle?
Pyruvate reduced to lactate, transported to liver, oxidesed to pyruvate, used in gluconeogenisis
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How is fructose broken down?
- In liver:
- fructose kinase -->fructose 6 phosphate
- aldotase 2 --> DHAP + glyceraldehyde
glyceraldehyde needs a phosphate to be converted to glyceraldyhyde 3 phosephate
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Inhibitors of PFK1
Glucagon, citrate, ATP
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Activators of PFK1
Insulin, ADP, AMP, 2,3 fructobisphosphate
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How is OAA transproted back to cytosol?
Gets aminated to asparatate. Asparatate goes through membrane, then gets deaminated back to OAA
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Pyruvate kinase deficiency
Deprives RBC of ATP -->hemolytic b/c membrane potential cannot be maintained
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What step yields NADH?
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate --> 1, 3 phosphoglycerate via glyceraldehyde phosphate dehodrogenase
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Which steps require energy input?
Hexokinase and PFK1
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