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What is growth?
An increase in body size or changes in body cell structure, function, and complexity.
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What is development?
an orderly pattern of changes in structure, thoughts, feelings, or behaviors resulting from maturation, experiences, and learning.
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What is the difference between growth and development?
Development occurs throughout life, but some people do not experience the same development.
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Infants who are malnourished in utero develop what?
Fewer brain cells than infants who have had adequate prenatal nutrition.
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Four major componets of Frued's theory are?
- *unconscious mind
- *the id
- *the ego
- *the superego
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Substance abuse by a pregnant woman increases the risk of?
congenital anomalies, low birthweight, and prematurity in the developing fetus
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Abuse of alcohol and drugs is more prevalent in?
teenagers who have poor family relationships, low self-esteem, and poor social skills
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Freud's oral stage?
0 to 18 months
use of mouth as the major source of gratification and exploration
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Freud's Anal Stage?
- *8 months to 4 years
- *Development of neuromuscular control and gratification from toilet training
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Frued's phallic stage?
- *3 to 7 years
- * increase interest in gender differences
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Frued's Latency Stage
- *7 to 12 years
- *Increasing sex-role id with the parent of same sex
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Frued's Genital Stage?
- *12 to 20 years
- *Sexual interest expressed in sexual relationships
- *Sexual pressures and conflict
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Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage?
- *birth to 24 months
- *From basic reflexes to development in coordination and reasoning
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Piaget's Preoperational Stage
- *2 to 7 years
- *using symbols through language skills and pictures
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Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage
- *Age 7 to 11 years
- * Learn by manipulating objects and logical thinking is developed
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Piaget's Formal Operational Stage?
- *11 years+
- *Abstract thinking and Deductive Reasoning
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Erikson's trust vs mistrust?
*infant relies on caregivers to meet basic meets and provide safety
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Erikson's autonomy vs shame and doubt
- *age one to three
- *gaining independence as motor and language skills develop
- *if parents are too protective, shame and doubt may occur in child
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Erikson's initiative vs guilt?
- * 4 to 6 years
- *Taking initiative to learn and seek out
- *Restrictions may create hesitations within the child
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Erikson's industry vs inferiority?
- *School-Aged Children
- *Accomplishing and Receiving Recognition
- *If not accepted by peers or parents, feeling of inferiority and lack of self-worth might develop
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Erikson's id vs role confusion?
- *Adolescence
- *New Roles
- *Role confusion when child is unable to establish identity
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Erikson's intimacy vs isolation?
- *Young Adulthood
- *Unite self identity with identities of friends, make commitments
- *Fear creates isolation
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Erikson's generativity vs stagnation?
- *Middle Adulthood
- *Contribution to world and community
- *If not, person becomes self-absorbed and obsessed with personal needs or regresses to earlier level
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Erikson's Ego integrity vs despair?
- *later adulthood
- *Reminscencing
- *Despair occurs when one's life has been full of failures
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Havighurst's theory was based on what?
that living and growing are based on learning in developmental tasks
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Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development was based on?
a person's moral development is influenced by culutral effects on one's perceptions of justice in interpersonal relationships
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Koholberg's preconventional level?
- based on external control
- punishments and rewards
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Kohlberg's conventional level?
- *identifying with significant others and conforming to expectations
- *respects values and ideals of family and friends
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Kohlberg's postconvential level?
- *involves moral judgment that is rational
- *correct behavior is defined in terms of society's laws
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James Fowler theory was based on what?
*Faith
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cognitive development
learning that occurs as a result of the internal organization of an even
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What is assimilation?
the process of integrating new experinece into existing schemata
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What is accomodation?
An alteration of existing thought processes to manage more complex information
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