Volume 1 Chapter 9 Pt. 1

Chemical used to diagnose, treat or prevent disease

The study of drugs and their interactions with the body

• Chemical Name: States its chemical structure, not used in practice
• Generic Name: Suggested by the manufacturer and confirmed by the government
• Official Name: Name posted in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
• Brand Name (Trade Name): Name given to the drug by the brand

• United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
• Physicians Desk Reference
• Drug Information
• Monthly Prescribing Reference Guide
• AMA Drug Evaluation
• Internet or other outside sources

• Name: Generic, trade, etc.
• Classification: Broad group to which the drug belongs
• Mechanism of Action: The way the drug causes its effects (Pharmacodynamics)
• Indications: Conditions that make use of the drug appropriate, FDA set
• Pharmacokinetics: How the drug is absorbed, distributed, and eliminated. Onset and duration
• Side effects/Adverse reactions: The drug's untoward or undesired effects
• Routes of Administration: How the drug is given
• Contraindications: Conditions that make it inappropriate to give the drug
• Dosage: The amount of the drug that should be given
• How Supplied: Common concentrations and preparations
• Special Considerations: How the drug may effect people of different ages or conditions

• Federal Law
• State Laws and Regulations
• Individual Agency Regulations

Made to improve drug labeling. Named the USP

Limited the indiscriminate use of addictive drugs by regulating importation, manufacture, sale and use of opium, cocaine and their compounds or derivatives

Empowered the FDA to enforce and set premarket safety standards for drugs

AKA Prescription Drug Amendments. Required pharmacists to have either a written or verbal prescription from a physician to dispense certain drugs. Also created the over-the-counter category

Created the five schedules of drugs.

• Schedule I: High abuse potential. No medical use. Research only.
• Schedule II: High abuse potential. Some medical indications.
• Schedule III: Less abuse potential. Some medical indications
• Schedule IV: Low abuse potential. Accepted medical indications
• Schedule V: Lower abuse potential. Accepted medical indications

Test that determines the amount and purity of a given chemical in a preperation in a laboratory

Relative therapeutic effictiveness of chemically equivalent drugs

Test to ascertain a drug's availability in a biological model

• Phase 1: Determine drug's pharmacokinetics, toxicity and safe dose
• Phase 2: Tested in a small population of people who have the target disease. Find therapeutic level and watch for side-effects
• Phase 3: Refine therapeutic dose and collect relevant data on side-effects
• Phase 4: Postmarketing analysis during conditional approval. Monitoring of performance in actual cases

• Medication
• Dose
• Time
• Route
• Patient
• Documentation

• A: Adequate studies. No risk to fetus
• B: Animal studies have not demonstrated risk to fetus OR Adequate studies have showed no risk to humans but animals have had adverse effects
• C: Animal studies have demonstrated adverse effects but there are no adequate studies done on humans. However risk may be worth the gain OR No adequate studies in humans or animals
• D: Fetal risk demonstrated. Some situations may be worth the risks
• X: Fetal risk demonstrated. Risks outweigh any benefits

Medication that may deform or kill the fetus

Proportion of a drug available in the body to cause either desired or undesired effects

How a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized (biotransformed), and excreted. How drugs are transported in and out of the body.

How a drug interacts with the body to cause its effects

Requires the use of energy to move a substance

Process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell membrane

Movement of a substance without the use of energy

Movement of solute in a solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Movement of solvent in a solution from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

Movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

• Absorption
• Distribution
• Biotransformation
• Elimination

To become electrically charged or polar

Amount of a drug that is still active after it reaches the target tissue

Tight junctions of the capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system vasculature through which only non-protein-bound, highly lipid soluble drugs can pass

Biochemical barrier at the maternal/fetal interface that restricts certain molecules

The body's breaking down chemicals into different chemicals

Special name for the metabolism of drugs

Medication that is not active when administered but whose biotransformation converts it into active metabolites

The liver's partial or complete inactivation of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation

The loss of hydrogen atoms or the acceptance of an oxygen atom. This increases the positive charge (or lessens the negative) on the molecule

The breakage of a chemical bond by adding water or by incorporating a hydroxyl (OH-) group into one fragment and a hydrogen ion (H+) into the other.

• Enteral- Through the gastrointestinal tract
• Parenteral- Outside of the GI tract

• Through the GI tract
• -Oral (PO)- Swallowed
• -Orogastric/Nasogastric tube (OG/NG)
• -Sublingual (SL)- Under the toungue
• -Buccal- Between the cheek and gum
• -Rectal

• -Intravenous (IV)
• -Endotracheal Tube (ET)
• -Intraosseous (IO)
• -Umbilical- Through the umbilical cord vein or artery
• -Intramuscular (IM)
• -Subcutaneous (SC)
• -Inhalation/Nebulized
• -Topical
• -Transdermal
• -Nasal
• -Instillation-Directly into a wound or the eye
• -Intradermal- Drug directly between skin layer

• -Pills- Spherically shaped for swallowing
• -Powders
• -Tablets- Powders compressed into a disklike form
• -Suppositories- Drugs mixed with waxlike substance that melts at body temp for rectal or vaginal use
• -Capsules- Gelatin containers filled with powders or tiny pills. Gelatin dissolves in GI tract

• -Solutions- Most common liquid form. Generally water based, some oil
• -Tinctures- Prepared using an alcohol extraction process. Some alcohol usually remains
• -Suspensions- Preparation in which solid does not dissolve in solvent. If lefts alone they will separate
• -Emulsions- Suspensions with an oily solvent. Oil will seperate from solution
• -Spirits- Solution of a volatile drug in alcohol
• -Elixirs- Alcohol and water solvent. Often with flavorings added to improve taste
• -Syrups- Sugar, water and drug solutions

• -Binding to a receptor
• -Changing the physical properties of cells
• -Chemically binding with other chemicals
• -Altering a normal metabolic pathway

Specialized protein that combines with a drug resulting in a biochemical effect

Force of attraction between a drug and a receptor

A drug's ability to cause the expected response

Chemical that participates in complex cascading reactions that eventually cause a drug's desired effect

Binding of a drug or hormone to a target cell that causes the number of receptors to decrease

A drug that causes the formation of more receptors than usual

A drug that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected reaction

Drug that binds to a receptor but does not cause it to initiate the expected response

Drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates some of its effects but blocks others

One drug binds to a receptor and causes the expected effect which also blocking another drug from triggering the same receptor

The binding of an antagonist causes a deformity of the binding site that prevents an agonist from fitting and binding

A competitive antagonist permanately binds with a receptor site

Unintended response to a drug

• Allergic Reaction-Hypersensitivity
• Idiosyncrasy-A drug effect that is unique to the individual and not seen in general population
• Tolerance-Decreased response to the same amount of drug after repeated administrations
• Cross Tolerance- Tolerance for a drug that develops after administration of a different drug
• Tachyphylaxis-Rapidly occuring tolerance to a drug. May occur after one dose
• Cumulative Effect- Increased effectiveness when a drug is given in several doses
• Drug Dependence- Patient becomes accustomed to the drug and will suffer withdrawal if discontinued
• Drug Interaction- The effects of one drug ALTER response to another
• Drug Antagonism-The effects of one drug BLOCK the response to another
• Summation- Two drugs with same effects given together
• Synergism-Two drugs with same effect given together and produce a response greater than the expected sum
• Potentiation-One drug enhances the effects of another
• Interference-The direct biochemical interaction between two drugs. One drug effects another

Correlation of different amounts of a drug to clinical response

Describes the lengths of onset, duration, and termination of action as well as the drug's minimum effective concentration and toxic levels

The time from administration until the time the drug reaces its minimum effective concentration

Minimum level of drug needed to cause a given effect

Length of time the amount of drug remains abouve its minimum effective concentration

Time from when the drug's level reaches its minimum concentration til it is eliminated from the body

Ratio of ta drug's lethal dose for 50 percent of the population to its effective dose for 50 percent of the population

Time the body takes to clear one half of a drug

• -Age
• -Body Mass
• -Sex
• -Environment
• -Time of Administration
• -Pathology
• -Genetics
• -Psychology

• -One drug alters the rate of intestinal absorption
• -Two drugs compete for plasma protein building resulting in one accumulating
• -One drug alters the other's metabolism
• -One drugs receptor site action could be antagonistic or synergistic to the other drug
• -One drug could alter the others excretion rate
• -One drug could alter the balance of electrolytesw neccessary for the other to work