A&P I

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What are the structural unit of all living things?

Cells
Name the concepts of cell theory
- 1. The cell is the smallest structural and functional living unit
- 2. Organismal function depends on individual and collective cell function
- 3. Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their specific cell structure
- 4. cells make cells
List the three major regions of a generalized cell and indicate the function of each
- 1. Plasma Membrane- flexible outer boundary
- 2. Cytoplasm- intracellular fluid containing organelles
- 3. nucleus- control center
What the components of the plasma membrane and what are their functions?
- 1. phosolipids- forms bilayer
- 2. cholesterol- increased membrane stability/fluidity
- 3. glycolipids- lipids with polar sugar groups
- 4. proteins- reconfiguring the DNA
- i. integral- conpletely span membrane
- ii. peripheral- loosely attached to integral proteins
Can all substances cross the cell membrane without assistance?

No, depends on whether it needs energy to move across the membrane. Semi-permeable
Passive transport
- use energy? No
- which direction do the substances move? with concentration gradient
- types:
- 1. simple diffusion- higher to lower
- slower movement of molecules
- 2 carrier mediated facilitated diffusion= changes shape
- 3. channel mediated facilitated diffusion- forms pores
- 4. osmosis- water movement
Active Transport
- Use energy? Yes
- which direction do the substances move against concentration gradient
- 1. Active
- i. solution pumps
- ii. move solute against barrier
- 2. Vesticular
- i. exocytosis- out of cell
- ii. endocytosis- into cell
- iii. transcytosis- move in across and out of cell
- iv. substance trafficking- transport from one area or organelle in one cell to another
hypertonic
what type of molecule crosses the cell membrane and why?

higher concentration of non-penetrating
hypertonic
which direction do these molecules move?

Out of cells
hypertonic
what would a cell in such a solution do?

Shrink, high water
HYPOtonic
what type of molecule crosses the cell membrane and why?

lower concentrated of nonpenetrated
HYPOtonic
which direction do these molecules move?

into cells
HYPOtonic
what would a cell in such a solution do?

Pump up (Swell)
Isotonic-
what type of molecule crosses the cell membrane (if any) and why?

solutions with same concentration of nonpenetrating
Isotonic
which direction do these molecules move?

balanced
Isotonic
what would a cell in such a solution do?

keeps its shape
Mitochondria
- powerhouse/ site if ATP synthesis
- Membrane-bound
Ribosomes
- most numerous
- composed of rRNA and protein
- Site of protein synthesis
- NOT membrane bound
Endoplasmic Reticulum - membrane bound
i. rough
ii. smooth
- i. ribosomes, protein synthesis
- ii. breakdown glycogen in liver
- detoxify drugs
Peroxisomes-

sacs containing powerful oxidasses and catalases- neutralizes dangerous and free radicals
lysosomes- Membrane bound

sacs of digestive enzymes
Centioles- NOT membrane bound

moves around DNA
Cellular extensions

I. Cilia
II. Flagella
- I. moves across cell surface- wave like motion
- II. Flagella- propel whole cells (sperm)
- whip like structure
Nuclear Envelope

double membrane containing pores
nucleolus-

involved in rRNA synthesis
Chromatin

DNA of cell, threaklike loosely coiled RNA
Interphase-
- i. G1(Gap 1) vigourous growth and metabolism
- ii. S-DNA replication
- iii. G2- prep for division
Mitotic-
- i. early prophase- formation of chromosomes
- ii. late prophase- spindles attaching to chromosomes
- iii. metaphase- chromosomes align in middle
- iv. anaphase- chromosomes split
- v. telephase reverse prophase
What is the point/result of mitosis?

DNA chromosome replication
What is DNA replication?

Cell formations
What is the purpose of DNA replication?

create new cells
In DNA replication which base pairs together?
- A-T
- C-G
What is a gene?

Segment of DNA
What is the function of a gene?

blueprint of polypeptide chain
What is the genetic code for DNA?

Amino Acids for DNA
Name the two phases of protein synthesis
- 1st phase- Transcription
- location in cell- nucleus
- DNA to mRNA
- 2nd Phase- Translation
- location- plasma membrane
- mRNA to tRNA
- mRNA- carries instructions
- tRNA- binds amino acids
What dose cell differentiation mean?

Determining cell functions
What is another term you could use for differentiation?

specialization

Author

anhemp05

98896

Card Set

A&P I

Description

test 1

Updated

2011-08-30T13:19:56Z

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