CHAPTER 3

LIVING STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNITS ENCLOSED BY A MEMBRANE.

THE PROCESS IN WHICH ONE CELL DIVIDES INTO TWO IDENTICAL CELLS.

THE STUDY OF CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION.

THE CELL'S FLEXIBLE OUTER SURFACE, SEPARATING THE CELL'S INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT FROM THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.

ALL THE CELLULAR CONTENTS BETWEEN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND THE NUCLEUS.

THE FLUID PORTION OF CYTOPLASM; WATER, DISSOLVED SOLUTES, AND SUSPENDED PARTICLES.

LITTLE ORGANS THAT ARE SURROUNDED BY CYTOSOL.

A LARGE ORGANELLE THAT HOUSES MOST OF A CELL'S DNA.

A SINGLE MOLECULE OF DNA ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERAL PROTEINS.

HEREDITARY UNITS THAT CONTROL MOST ASPECTS OF CELLULAR STRUCTURE.

A FLEXIBLE YET STUDY BARRIER THAT SURROUNDS & CONTAINS THE CYTOPLASM OF A CELL.

TWO BACK-TO-BACK LAYERS THAT IS THE BASIC STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE.

LIPIDS THAT CONTAIN PHOSPHORUS THAT ARE PRESENT IN THE MEMBRANE.

A STEROID WITH AN ATTACHED HYDROXYL(OH) GROUP THAT IS PART OF THE MEMBRANE LIPIDS.

LIPIDS WITH ATTACHED CARBOHYDRATE GROUPS THAT ARE PRESENT IN THE MEMBRANE.

HAVING BOTH POLAR AND NONPOLAR PARTS.

WATER LOVING

WATER HATING

A MEMBRANE PROTEIN THAT EXTENDS INTO OR THROUGH THE LIPID BILAYER AMONG THE FATTY ACID TAILS AND ARE FIRMLY EMBEDDED IN IT.

AN INTEGRAL PROTEIN THAT SPANS THE ENTIRE LIPID BILAYER AND PROTRUDES INTO BOTH THE CYTOSOL & EXTRACELLULAR FLUID.

PROTEINS THAT ARE NOT FIRMLY EMBEDDED, THEY ASSOCIATE LOOSELY WITH THE POLAR HEADS OF MEMBRANE LIPIDS OR WITH INTEGRAL PROTEINS AT THE INNER OR OUTER SURFACE.

PROTEINS WITH CARBOHYDRATE GROUPS ATTACHED TO THE ENDS THAT PROTRUDE INTO THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID.

A SUGAR

A SUGARY COAT FORMED BY THE CARBOHYDRATE PORTIONS OF GLYCOLIPIDES AND GLYCOPROTEINS.

PORES OR HOLES MADE BY INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS THROUGH WHICH SPECIFIC IONS CAN FLOW INTO OR OUT OF THE CELL.

INTEGRAL PROTEINS THAT SELECTIVELY MOVE A POLAR SUBSTANCE OR ION FROM ONE SIDE OF MEMBRANE TO THE OTHER.

INTEGRAL PROTEINS THAT SERVE AS CELLULAR RECOGNITION SITES.

A SPECIFIC MOLECULE THAT BINDS TO A RECEPTOR.

INTEGRAL PROTEINS THAT CATALYZE SPECIFIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS AT THE INSIDE OR OUTSIDE SURFACE OF THE CELL.

INTEGRAL PROTEIN WHICH ANCHORS PROTEINS IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANCES OF NEIGHBORING CELLS TO ONE ANOTHER.

A MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEIN OR GYLOCLIPID THAT ENABLES A CELL TO RECOGNIZE OTHER CELLS OF THE SAME KINDS DURING TISSUE FORMATION OR TO RESPOND TO FOREIGN CELLS.

THE PROPERTY OF PLASMA MEMBRANES THAT PERMIT SOME SUBSTANCES TO PASS MORE READILY THAN OTHERS.

A DIFFERENCE IN THE CONCENTRATION OF A CHEMICAL FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER.

A DIFFERENCE IN ELECTRIAL CHARGES BETWEEN TWO REGIONS.

THE CHARGE DIFFERENCE THAT OCCURS ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE.

THE COMBINED INFLUENCE OF THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT AND THE ELECTRICAL GRADIENT ON MOVEMENT OF A PARTICULAR ION.

WHEN A SUBSTANCE MOVES DOWN ITS CONCENTRATION OR ELECTRICAL GRADIENT TO CROSS A MEMBRANE USING ONLY ITS OWN KINETIC ENERGY.

WHEN CELLULAR ENERGY IS USED TO DRIVE A SUBSTANCE "UPHILL" AGAINST ITS CONCENTRATION OR ELECTRICAL GRADIENT.

TINY, SPHERICAL MEMBRANCE SACS.

A PASSIVE PROCESSS IN WHICH THE RANDOM MIXING OF PARTICLES IN A SOLUTION OCCURS BECAUSE OF THE PARTICLES' KINETIC ENERGY.

THE 5 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DIFFUSION RATE OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE.

A PASSIVE PROCESS IN WHICH SUBSTANCES MOVE FREELY THROUGH THE LIPID BILAYER OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE WITHOUT THE HELP OF TRANSPORT PROTEINS.

A PASSIVE PROCESS IN WHICH AN INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEIN ASSISTS A SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE ACROSS THE MEMBRANE.

WHEN A SOLUTE MOVES DOWN ITS CONCENTRATION GRADIENT ACROSS THE LIPID BILAYER THROUGH A MEMBRANE CHANNEL.

INTEGRAL TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS THAT ALLOW THE PASSAGE OF SMALL, INORGANIC IONS THAT ARE TOO HYDROPHILIC TO PENETRATE THE NONPOLAR INTERIOR OF THE LIPID BILAYER.

WHEN A CARRIER IS USED TO MOVE A SOLUTE DOWN ITS CONCENTRATION GRADIENT ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE.

THE NUMBER OF CARRIERS AVAILABLE IN A PLASMA MEMBRANE WHICH LIMITS THE RATE AT WHICH FACILITATED DIFFUSION CAN OCCUR.

A TYPE OF DIFFUSION IN WHICH THERE IS NET MOVEMENT OF A SOLVENT THROUGH A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE.

INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS THAT FUNCTION AS WATER CHANNELS.

PRESSURE EXERTED BY A LIQUID ON A MEMBRANE.

PRESSURE EXERTED BY A SOLUTION WITH AN IMPERMEABLE SOLUTE.

THE MEASURE OF A SOLUTION'S ABILITY TO CHANGE THE VOLUME OF CELLS BY ALTERING THEIR WATER CONTENT.

A SOLUTION IS WHICH A CELL MAINTAINS ITS NORMAL SHAPE AND VOLUME.

A SOLUTION THAT HAS A LOWER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES THAN THE CYTOSOL OF A CELL.

THE RUPTURE OF RED BLOOD CELLS WHEN PLACED IN A HYPOTONIC SOLUTION.

THE RUPTURE OF A CELL(OTHER THAN A RBC) IN A HYPOTONIC SOLUTION.

A SOLUTION THAT HAS A HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES THAN THE CYTOSOL OF A CELL.

A SHRINKAGE OF CELLS WHEN PLACED IN A HYPERTONIC SOLUTION.

LIQUIDS THAT ARE INFUSED INTO THE BLOOD OF A VEIN.

THE TYPE OF TRANSPORT THAT TAKES PLACE BY THE ENERGY DERIVED FROM HYDROLYSIS OF ATP WHICH CHANGES THE SHAPE OF A CARRIER PROTEIN AND PUMPS A SUBSTANCE ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE.

CARRIER PROTEINS THAT MEDIATE PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT.

THE MOST PREVALENT PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT CARRIER, EXPELS SODIUM IONS AND BRINGS POTASSIUM IONS IN.

THE TYPE OF TRANSPORT THAT USES THE ENGERY STORED IN A Na⁺ OR H⁺ CONCENTRATION GRADIENT TO DRIVE OTHER SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE MEMBRANE AGAINST THEIR OWN CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS.

TRANSPORTER THAT MOVES TWO SUBSTANCES IN THE SAME DIRECTION.(AS A PART OF A SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT)

TRANSPORTER THAT MOVES TWO SUBSTANCES IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS ACROSS THE MEMBRANE.(AS A PART OF A SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT)

PROCESS BY WHICH MATERIALS MOVE INTO A CELL BY A VESICLE FORMED BY THE PLASMA MEMBRANE.

PROCESS BY WHICH MATERIALS MOVE OUT OF A CELL BY FUSION WITH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF VESICLES FORMED INSIDE THE CELL.

A HIGHLY SELECTIVE TYPE OF ENDOCYTOSIS BY WHICH CELLS TAKE UP SPECIFIC LIGANDS.

A FORM OF ENDOCYTOSIS IN WHICH THE CELL ENGULFS LARGE SOLID PARTICLES.

BODY CELLS THAT ARE ABLE TO CARRY OUT PHAGOCYTOSIS.

THE TWO MAIN TYPES OF PHAGOCYTES.

PROJECTIONS OF A CELLS PLASMA MEMBRANE AND CYTOPLASM DURING PHAGOCYTOSIS.

A FORM OF ENDOCYTOSIS IN WHICH TINY DROPLETS OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID ARE TAKEN UP.

AN ACTIVE TRANSPORT PROCESS IN WHICH VESICLES UNDERGO ENDOCYTOSIS ON ONE SIDE OF CELL, MOVE ACROSS THE CELL, & THEN UNDERGO EXOCYTOSIS ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE.

THE FLUID PORTION OF THE CYTOPLASM THAT SURROUNDS THE ORGANELLES & MAKES UP ABOUT 55% OF TOTAL CELL VOLUME.

SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES WITHIN THE CELL THAT HAVE CHARACTERISTIC SHAPES; PERFORM SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS IN CELLULAR GROWTH, MAINTENANCE, & REPRODUCTION.

A NETWORK OF PROTEIN FILAMENTS THAT EXTENDS THROUGHOUT THE CYTOSOL.

THE THINNEST ELEMENTS OF THE CYTOSKELETON; COMPOSED OF ACTIN

MICROFILAMENTS THAT PROVIDE MECHANICAL SUPPORT FOR CELL EXTENSIONS; NONMOTILE, MICROSCOPIC FINGERLIKE PROJECTIONS OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

THE ELEMENT OF THE CYTOSKELETON THAT THICKER THAN MICROFILAMENTS BUT THINNER THAN MICROTUBULES.

THE LARGEST PART OF THE CYTOSKELETON; LONG,UNBRANCHED HOLLOW TUBES COMPOSED OF TUBULIN.

THIS ORGANELLE IS LOCATED NEAR THE NUCLEUS & CONSISTS OF A PAIR OF CENTRIOLES AND PERICENTRIOLAR MATERIAL.

CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURE, COMPOSED OF NINE CLUSTERS OF THREE MICROTUBULES ARRANGED IN A CIRCULAR PATTERN; PART OF THE CENTROSOME

SURROUNDS THE CENTRIOLES OF THE CENTROSOME.

NUMEROUS, SHORT, HAIRLIKE PROJECTIONS THAT EXTEND FROM THE SURFACE OF A CELL, WHICH MOVES FLUIDS ALONG A CELL'S SURFACE.

A PROJECTION ON A CELL SIMILIAR TO CILIA BUT MUCH LONGER (THE SPERM CELL'S TAIL)

ORGANELLE THAT IS THE SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.

THE ORGANELLE THAT IS A NETWORK OF MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED SACS OR TUBULES THAT EXTEND THROUGHOUT THE CYTOPLASM AND CONNECT TO THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE.

THE TYPE OF ER THAT HAS ITS OUTER SURFACE STUDDED WITH RIBOSOMES.

THE TYPE OF ER THAT DOES NOT HAVE RIBOSOMES ATTACHED TO IT; IT SYNTHESIZES FATTY ACIDS & STEROIDS.

THE ORGANELLE THAT IS THE FIRST STEP IN THE TRANSPORT PATHWAY.

SMALL, FLATTENED MEMBRANOUS SACS WITH BULGING EDGES (GOLGI COMPLEX)

THE CISTERNA OF THE GOLGI COMPLEX THAT FACES THE ROUGH ER.

THE CISTERNA OF THE GOLGI COMPLEX THAT FACES THE PLASMA MEMBRANE.

SACS OF THE GOLGI COMPLEX BETWEEN THE ENTRY AND EXIT FACES.

VESICLES THAT BUD FROM THE EDGES OF THE CISTERNAE TO MOVE SPECIFIC EMZYMES BACK TOWARD THE ENTRY FACE & MOVE SOME PARTIALLY MODIFIED PROTEINS TOWARD THE EXIT FACE.

VESICLES THAT DELIVER PROTEINS TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE, WHERE THEY ARE DISCHARGED BY EXOCYTOSIS.

VESICLES THAT DELIVER THEIR CONTENTS TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE FOR INCORPORTION INTO THE MEMBRANE.

ORGANELLES THAT ARE MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED VESICLES THAT FORM FROM THE GOLGI COMPLEX; THEY CONTAIN SEVERAL TYPES OF POWERFUL DIGESTIVE ENZYMES.

AN INHERITED CONDITION CHARACTERIZED BY THE ABSENCE OF A SINGLE LYSOSOMAL ENZYME CALLED HEX A.

GROUP OF ORGANELLES SIMILIAR TO LYSOSOMES BUT SMALLER; CONTAIN SEVERAL OXIDASES.

ORGANELLES THAT ARE BARREL-SHAPED CONSISTING OF FOUR STACKED RINGS OF PROTEIN AROUND A CENTRAL CORE.

THE "POWERHOUSES" OF THE CELL; GENERATES MOST OF THE ATP THROUGH AEROBIC RESPIRATION.

A SERIES OF FOLDS IN THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE.

THE CENTRAL FLUID-FILLED CAVITY OF THE MIROCHONDRION, ENCLOSED BY THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE.

THE SPHERICAL OR OVAL SHAPED STRUCTURE THAT IS USUALLY THE MOST PROMINENT FEATURE OF THE CELL.

A DOUBLE MEMBRANE THAT SEPARATES THE NUCLEUS FROM THE CYTOPLASM.

OPENING THAT EXTEND THROUGH THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE; THEY CONTROL THE MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES BETWEEN THE NUCLEUS AND CYTOPLASM.

ONE OR MORE SPHERICAL BODIES INSIDE THE NUCLEUS THAT FUNCTION IN PRODUCING RIBOSOMES.

THE CELL'S HEREDITARY UNITS.

A LONG MOLECULE OF DNA THAT IS COILED TOGETHER WITH SEVERAL PROTEINS.

THE COMPLEX OF DNA, PROTEINS AND SOME RNA.

THE TOTAL GENETIC INFORMATION CARRIED IN A CELL OR AN ORGANISM.

THE BEAD PART OF CHROMATIN; A DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA WRAPPED AROUND A HISTONE.

A CORE OF EIGHT PROTEINS THAT HAS A DOUBLE STRAND OF DNA WRAPPED AROUND IT(A PART OF CHROMATIN)

ALL OF AN ORGANISM'S PROTEINS.

THE PROCESS IN WHICH A GENE'S DNA IS USE AS A TEMPLATE FOR SYNTHESIS OF A SPECIFIC PROTEIN.

A SEQUENCE OF THREE NUCLEOTIDES IN DNA.

A DNA BASE TRIPLET THAT IS TRANSCRIBED AS A COMPLEMENTARY SEQUENCE OF THREE NUCLEOTIDES

THE SET OF RULES THAT RELATE THE BASE TRIPLET SEQUENCE OF DNA TO CORRESPONDING CODONS OF RNA & AMINO ACIDS.

THE PROCESS BY WHICH GENETIC INFORMATION REPRESENTED BY THE SEQUENCE OF BASE TRIPLETS IN DNA IS COPIED INTO CODONS.

TYPE OF RNA THAT DIRECTS THE SYNTHESIS OF A PROTEIN.

TYPE OF RNA THAT JOINS WITH RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS TO MAKE RIBOSOMES.

TYPE OF RNA THAT BINDS TO AN AMINO ACID AND HOLDS IT IN PLACE ON A RIBOSOME UNTIL IT IS TRANSLATED.

A TRIPLET OF NUCLEOTIDES ON ONE END OF tRNA.

THE ENZYME THAT CATALYZES TRANSCRIPTION OF DNA.

A SPECIAL NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE LOCATED NEAR THE BEGINNING OF A GENE AND WHERE TRANSCRIPTION BEGINS.

A SPECIAL NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE WHICH CODES FOR THE END OF A GENE.

REGIONS WITHIN A GENE THAT DO NOT CODE FOR PARTS OF PROTEINS.

REGIONS WITHIN A GENE THAT DO CODE FOR SEGEMENTS OF A PROTEIN.

IMMEDIATELY AFTER TRANSCRIPTION, THE NAME OF THE TRANSCRIPT THAT INCLUDES INFORMATION FROM BOTH INTRONS AND EXONS.

ENZYMES THAT CUT OUT THE INTRONS AND SPLICE TOGETHER THE EXONS OF THE PRE-mRNA.

THE PROCESS IN WHIH THE pre-mRNA TRANSCRIBED FROM A GENE IS SPLICED IN DIFFERENT WAYS TO PRODUCE SEVERAL DIFFERENT mRNAS.

THE PROCESS IN WHICH THE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE IN A mRNA MOLECULE SPECIFIES THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF A PROTEIN.

SEVERAL RIBOSOMES ATTACHED TO THE SAME mRNA.

AN ORGANISM THAT HAS BEEN ALTERED TO PRODUCE PROTEINS IT NORMALLY DOES NOT PRODUCE.

THE DNA OF A RECOMBINANT THAT IS A COMBINATION OF DNA FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES.

THE MANIPULATION OF GENETIC MATERIAL.

THE PROCESS BY WHICH CELLS OF THE HUMAN BODY REPRODUCE THEMSELVES.

ANY CELL OF THE BODY OTHER THAN A GERM CELL.

A GAMETE (SPERM OR OOCYTE) OR ANY PRECURSOR CELL DESTINED TO BECOME A GAMETE.

THE PROCESS BY WHICH A CELL UNDERGOES MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS TO PRODUCE TWO IDENTICAL CELLS.

THE NUCLEAR DIVISION OF A CELL

THE CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION OF A CELL

THE MECHANISM THAT PRODUCES GAMETES.

THE MECHANISM THAT PRODUCES GAMETES.

THE TWO STEP PROCESS IN REPRODUCTIVE CELL DIVISION IN WHICH THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES IN THE NUCLEUS IS REDUCED BY HALF.

THE ORDERLY SEQUENCE OF EVENTS BY WHICH A SOMATIC CELL DUPLICATED ITS CONTENTS AND DIVIDES IN TWO.

THE TWO CHROMOSOMES THAT MAKE UP A SINGLE PAIR OF CHROMOSOMES.

THE PAIR OF CHROMOSOMES IN WHICH ONE IS DESIGNATED

THE PAIR OF CHROMOSOMES IN WHICH ONE IS DESIGNATED X AND ONE Y.

THE TERM FOR SOMATIC CELLS THAT CONTAIN TWO SETS OF CHROMOSOMES.

THE PROCESS IN WHICH THE CELL REPLICATES ITS DNA.

THE INTERVAL BETWEEN THE MITOTIC PHASE AND THE S PHASE.

THE PHASE IN WHICH CELLS THAT REMAIN IN G₁ FOR A VERY LONG TIME OR THOSE THAT ARE DESTINED TO NEVER DIVIDE AGAIN.

THE INTERVAL BETWEEN THE G₁ AND G₂ PHASES, LASTS ABOUT 8 HOURS; DNA REPLICATION OCCURS.

THE INTERVAL BETWEEN THE S PHASE AND THE MITOTIC PHASE; CELL GROWTH CONTINUES, ENZYMES AND OTHER PROTEINS ARE SYNTHESIZED, AND REPLICATION OF CENTROSOMES IS COMPLETED.