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glycerol kinase
uses ATP to convert glycerol into glycerol 3 phosphate for TAG synthesis
Located in liver, intestinal mucosa, kidney, mammary glands
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glycerol 3 dehydrogenase
converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glycerol 3 phosphate, using NADH --> NAD+
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Activation of fatty acids
FFA + ATP + coASH --> fatty acyl co A + ADP + Pi
Takes 2 ATP equivelents
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Conversion of glycerol 3 phosphate to TAG
1. acyltransferase fatty acyl co A --> C1 of glycerol. = lypophosphatidic acid
- 2. acyltransferase fatty co A --> C2 of glycerol.
- phosphatidic acid
- 3. PA phosphatase on C3 of glycerol
- DAG
- 4. acyltransferase onto C3 of glycerol
- TAG
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What is a precursor for phosphatidyl inostinol?
phosphatidic acid
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What is the precursor for phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine?
DAG
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Formation of PI
- 1. PA + CTP --> DAG-CDP + PPi
- CTP phosphatidate cyytidyl transferase
- 2. DAG-CDP + inostinol--> Phosphatidyl inostinol + CMP
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How is CTP used differently in formation of phosphatidyl inostinol as compared to phosphatidyl ethanolamine?
CTP = DAG carrier in PI
CTP = ethanolamine carrier in PE
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First step in forming phosphatidyl ethanolamine
1. add ATP to ethanolamine --> phosphoethanolamine
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2nd step in forming phosphadidyl ethanolamine
Add CTP to phosphate ethanolamine -> CDP ethanolamine + PPi
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3rd (last) step in forming PE
CTP ethanolamin + DAG -> phosphatidyl ethanolamine + CMP
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How is TAG absorbed from the small intestine
pancreatic lypases free FFA from TAG to get 2-monoacyl glycerol plus 2 FFA.
2 monoacyl glycerol gets acylated by acyltransferase X2 to form TAG, packaged in chylomicrons.
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Formation of PS
exchange PE for S
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How to convert PE to PC
use S' acylmethionine to convert 3H into 3 CH3
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How is a glycerol ether different from a glycerolphospholipid?
Contains a ether linkage on C1 through substitution of an acyl group for an alcohol
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How is a plasmalogen different than a glycerolphospholipid?
Contains an ether likage and a double bond between C1 and C2
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Locations of lysis for A1, A2, B, C, and D phospholipases
- A1--acetyl group on C1 of glycerol
- A2--acetyl gorup on C2 of glycerol
- B--C1 or C2 group of lysophospholipid
- C--phosphorylated polar head group
- D--dephosphorylated polar head group
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What is one example of an A2 phospholipid?
Phospholipid A2 allowing a free fatty acid to be liberated from a cell membrane in the formation of arachodonate (20 carbon)
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What is sphingomyelin?
A 18 carbon amino alcohol
No glycerol backbone
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What are the 2 type of sphingosines?
phosphospingosine (contain a phosphate group)
glycolipid (contain sugars on the alcohol, no phosphates)
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ceramide
spingosine + fatty acid
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formation of sphingomyelin
PC + ceramine -> DAG + sphingomyelin
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Glycolipid
ceramine plus a sugar on OH
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cerebroside
contains only one sugar (glucose or galactose)
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Globoside
contains 2-4 sugar residue oligosaccharide, no charged group
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Ganglioside
contains longer oligosaccharide plus at least one sialic acid (charged w/ COO-)
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Where are spingolipids degraded?
lysosomes
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Nieman-Pick diesease
sphingomylin build up
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Gaucher Disease
cerebroside build up
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Tay-Sachs Disease
ganglioside build up
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Two possible fates of arachidonate acid
leukotrienes or prostoglandins
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anti inflammatory coritcosteroid inhibitors
inhibit phospholipase A2, prevents formation of arachidonate acid
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NSAIDs
Inhibit COX 2 and COX 1
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hydrocortisone
anti inflammatory corticosteriod
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prednisone
anti inflammatory corticosteriod
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betamethasone
anti inflammatory corticosteriod
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asprin
cox inhibitor, covalent bond, irreversable
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Where is glycerol 3 phosphate dehydrogenase located?
muslces and fat
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Where is glycerol kinase located?
liver, kidney, intestinal mucosa, mammory glands
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