-
-
-
-
Cranial
surrounding the brain
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
First section
Coronal (frontal)
-
2nd section
traverse (horizontal or top to bottom)
-
3rd section
sagittal or midsagital
-
Oblique
odd angle cuts or views
-
Anatomical Position
person is standing with feet parallel and flat on floor, head is level and eyes look foreward towards observor and the arms are at the side with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from body
-
Body cavaties
- Cranial cavaty includes vertebral canal
- Thoracic cavaty
- Abdominopelvic cavity
-
ventral thoracic has 3 regions
- regions one and two = pleural cavities
- pleural cavities house the lungs
- region 3 = pericardial
- houses the heart
-
Membranes
line natural opening of the body
-
serous membranes
line and cover body cavities
-
thoracic cavities
lungs & heart
-
membranes that cover are called
visceral
-
the heart is enclosed by a two layered serous membrane called
paricardium
-
outer most layer of pericardium forms sac around the heart
parietal pericardium
-
forms the hearts external surface membrane
visceral pericardium
-
lungs are lined by 2 layered serous membrane called
pleura
-
outer layer of pleura
parietal pleura (it lines the internal surface of thoracic wall.)
-
inner layer of pleura
visceral pleura (covers the external surface of the lung)
-
potential space between parietal and visceral layers
pleural cavity ( location of lubricating serous fluid)
-
synovial membrane
encapsulate mobile joints, self lubricating
-
-
histology
study of tissues
-
3 types of muscle tissue
- skeletal
- cardiac (heart)
- smoth
-
1st three (of 9) top row left two right abdominopelvic regions
- Right hypochondriac region
- Epigastric region
- Left hypochondriac region
-
2nd set of three middle row left to right abdominopelvic region
- right lumbar region
- umbilical region
- left lumbar region
-
3rd set of three bottom row left to right
- Right iliac region
- Hypogastric region
- Left iliac region
-
list each quadrant of the Abdominopelvic quadrants
- Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
- Left Upper (LUQ)
- Right Lower quadrant (RLQ)
- Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
-
-
-
-
Ventral
belly side of body
-
Superior
closer to the head
-
Inferior
closer to the feet
-
Caudal
at the rear or tail end
-
-
-
Medial
toward the vertical midline of the body
-
Lateral
Away from the vertical midline of the body
-
Superficial
on the outside
-
Deep
on the inside, underneath another structure
-
Proximal
closest to point of attachment to trunk
-
Distal
Furthest from point of attachment to trunk
-
-
-
-
antecubital
front of elbow
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dorsom of the hand
opposite of palm knuckle side
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
The axial region consist of
-
appendicular region consist of
limbs or appendages that attach to the bodys axis
-
-
-
-
Location of simple squamous Epithelium:
Location: Air sacs in lungs, lining of heart chambers and lumen of blood vessels (endothelium)
-
Location of simple cuboidal epithelium
location: thyroid gland follicles; kidney tubules; ducts and secretory regions of most glands: surface of ovary
-
Location of Nonciliated simple columnar Epithelium:
Lining of most digestive tract; lining of stomach does not contain goblet cells.
-
location of Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium;
Lining of uterine tubes and larger bronchioles of repiratory tract
-
Location of Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Lining of oral cavity, part of pharynx, esophagus, vagina, and anus
-
Location of keratinized stratified Squamous Epithelium; ?
Epidermis of skin
-
Location of Stratified Cuboidal epithelium?
found in large ducts in most exocrine glands and in some parts of the male uretha
-
Location of Stratafied Columnar Epithelium?
Rare; found in large ducts of some exocrine glands and in some regions of the male uretha
-
Location of Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelium?
- Ciliated form lines most of respiratory tract
- Nonciliated form is rare; lines epididymis and part of male urethra
-
Location of Transitional Epithelium:?
Lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
-
Simple Epithelium; describe basic structure?
One layer thick; all cells are tightly bound
-
Simple squamous; describe basic structure?
one layer of flattened cells
-
Simple cuboidal; describe basic structure?
one layer of cells about as tall as they are wide
-
simple columnar, nonciliated; describe basic structure?
one layer of nonciliated cells that are taller than they are wide, cells may contain microvilli.
-
simple columnar, ciliated; describe basic structure?
one layer of ciliated cells that are taller than they are wide
-
Stratafied Epithelium; describe basic structure?
two or more cell layers thick, only deepest layer directly attaches to the basement membrane.
-
Stratafied squamous, keratinized; describe basic structure?
many layers thick; no keratin in cells; surface layers are alive, flat, and moist
-
Stratafied cuboidal; describe basic structure?
two or more layers of cells; apical layer of cells is cuboidal-shape
-
Stratafied columnar; describe basic structure?
two or more layers of cells; cells in apical layer are columnar-shaped
-
other types of epithelium, describe basic structure?
Cell layers vary, from single to many
-
Psuedostratified columnar; describe basic structure?
one layer of cells of varying heights, all cells attach to basment membrane.
-
Transitional epithelium, describe basic structure?
multiple layers of polyhedral cells(when tissue is relaxed) or flattened cells ( when tissue is distended)
-
Epithelial tissue; general function?
Covers surfaces; lines insides of organs and body cavaties
-
Connective tissue;general function?
Protects, binds together, and supports organs
-
Muscle tissue; general function?
facilitates movement of skeleton or organ walls
-
Nervous tissue; general function?
- Neurons: Control activities, process information
- Glial cells:
Support and protect neurons
-
Resident Cells; function?
maintain and repair extracllular matrix; store materials
-
Fibroblast cell; function?
produce fibers and ground substance of the extracellular matrix.
-
Adipocytes cell : function?
Store lipids reserves
-
Fixed macrophages cells; function?
phagocytize foreign material (white blood cells)
-
Mesenchymal cells; function?
divide in response to injury to produce new connective tissue cells
-
Wandering cells; function?
repair damaged extracellular matrix; active in imune response
-
Mast cells: function?
release histamin and heparin to stimulate local inflamation
-
Plasma cells; function?
Form anitbodies that bind to foreign substances, bacteria, viruses
-
Free macrophages; function?
Phagocytize foreign materials
-
other leukocytes;function?
Attack foreign materials or directly combat bacteria
-
List four types of resident cells
- 1. Fibroblast
- 2. Adipocytes
- 3. Fixed macrophages
- 4. Mesenchymal cells
-
list four types of wandering cells?
- 1. Mast cellls
- 2. Plasma cells
- 3. Free Macrophages
- 4. Other leukocytes
-
3 types of loose CT
- 1. Areolar
- 2. Adipose ct
- 3. Reticular ct
-
3 types Dense CT
- 1. Dense regular ct
- 2. Dense iregular ct
- 3. Elastic ct
-
Location of Areolar ct
surrounds nerves, vessels, subcutaneous layer ( under skin)
-
location of Adipose CT
subcutaneous layer; surrounding kidney and selected other organs
-
location of reticular ct
Stroma of spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow
-
location of Dense regular ct
tendons and ligaments
-
Location of Dense irregular ct
dermis; capsules of organs
-
location of Elastic ct
walls of large arteries
-
basic structure description of Loose CT
fibers are loosley arranged
-
basic structure description of dense ct
protien fibers densley packed together
-
List the 3 supporting connective tissue; cartliage
- 1. hyaline cartilage
- 2. fibrocartilage
- 3. Elastic cartilage
-
Location of elastic cartilage?
External ear; epiglottis of the larynx
-
Location of Fibrocartilage
Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; menisci of knee
-
Location of Hyaline Cartilage
Most of fetal skeleton, larynx, trachea, nose, covers articular ends of long bones
-
List the four types of tissue:
- 1. CT
- 2. muscle tissue
- 3. nervous system
- 4. epithelial
-
List the 7 functions of the Integument (skin)
- 1. Protection
- 2. Prevention of water loss
- 3. Temp regulation
- 4. Metabolic Regulation
- 5. Immune defense
- 6. Sensory Reception
- 7. Excretion by means of secretion
-
Name the 3 distinct layers of the Integument system
- 1. epidermis
- 2. dermis
- 3. Subcutaneous
-
five layers of the epidermis are?
- 1. Stratum corneum (outermost layer 20-30 cells thick)
- 2. Stratum lucidum
- 3. stratum granulosum
- 4. stratum spinosum
- 5. stratum basale (living layer)
-
Dermis has two layers called?
- 1. Papillary layer
- 2. Reticular layer
-
Describe Basal cell carcinoma
- most common
- least dangerous
- ussually occurs on face
-
describe squamous cell carcinoma
- usually appear on scalp ears lower lip or back of hand
- arise from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
-
Describe malignant Melanoma
- most deadly
- arises from melanocytes
- characterized by change in mole diametter
-
List the 3 types/ categories of glands
- Sweat (sudoriferous)
- Sebaceous glands
- other glands
-
Location of Apocrine glands
axillary, anal, areolar, and pubic region
-
-
Location of merocrine glands
- through out body , except external genitilia, nipples and lips.
- most common on palms, soles, and forehead
-
location of sebaceous glands
hair follicles
-
list the two glands under other,
- 1. ceruminous
- 2. Mammary glands
-
location of ceruminous gland
External acoustic meatus (Produces ear wax)
-
location of mammary gland
breasts ( secreats milk to offspring)
|
|
