Entomology

• ~Small size
• ~sensory & neuro-motor sophistication
• ~adaptability; response to environmental change; short generations
• ~wings & flight
• ~complete metamorphosis
• ~co-evolution w/plants

• ~coleoptera 38%
• ~lepidoptera 16%
• ~hymenoptera 13%
• ~diptera 12%

• ~genetics & evolution
• ~benefits to humans
• ~ecosystem fxns
• ~medical/livestock reasons

• ~kingdom
• ~phylum
• ~order
• ~superfamily = oidea
• ~family = idae
• ~subfamily = inae
• ~genus
• ~species
• ~

~the process of establishing, defining & ranking taxa into a hierarchical series of groups

~the study of insects

• ~inclusive classification category
• ~e.g. arthropoda

• ~classification category below phylum
• ~e.g. Insecta

• ~classification category
• ~e.g. coleoptera

• ~classification that ends in -idae
• ~e.g. staphylinidae

• ~classification that ends in -inae
• ~e.g. staphylininae

• ~classification category
• ~an assembledge fo one or more species united by one or more derived features and therefore believed to be of a single evolutionary origin

~a group of all individuals that an interbreed, mating w/i the group & producing fertile offspring, usually similar in appearance & behavior

~development in which the body form abruptly changes at teh pupal malt; complete metamorposis

~development in which the body form gradually changes at each molt, w/wing buds growing larger at each molt; incomplete metamorphosis

• ~epicuticle
• ~exocuticle
• ~endocuticle
• ~procuticle
• ~no cells; just hardened support

• ~very top layer of cuticle
• ~waxy, very thin

~immediately below epicuticle

~immediatly below exocuticle

~the epicuticle, exocuticle, & endocuticle collectively

• ~structural (physical)
• *interference
• *diffraction
• *scattering
• ~pigments
• ~used for sex identification, defense, mimicry, camouflage, protective, sight

• ~metameric segmentation
• ~complete body segmentation
• ~tagmosis
• ~prosoma/opisthosoma
• ~head/thorax/abdomen
• ~sclerites

• ~structural coloring
• ~iridescence & ultraviolet
• ~deflection of light from varyingly spaced reflective layers of microfibrils

• ~structural coloring
• ~gratings create a distinctive "spectral" iridescence, w/repeating, ordered spectra that will shift position on the body w/respect to the angle of illumination

• ~structural coloring
• ~produced by irregularities on the surface relative to the wavelength of light

• ~produced by:
• *own metabolism
• *eating plants
• *microbes

~divided equally & separate from each segment

~fused segments specialized for different fxns

• ~a plate on the body wall surrounded by membrane or sutures
• ~tergites
• ~pleurites
• ~sternites

~the diminutive or tergum; a subdivision of the tergum

~the lateral region of the body, bearing the limb bases

~the diminutive of sternum; a subdivision of a sternum

• ~entagnatha
• ~ectognatha

• ~noninsect
• ~mouthparts in an internal pouch; no visible mouthparts

• ~INSECTA
• ~mouthparts are visible

• ~prognathus ->head horizontal & mouth anteriorly
• ~opisthognathus -> head deflexed such that the mouthparts are directed posteriorly
• ~hypognathus -> head directed vertically & mouth ventrally

~the organization of the body into major units

~the "upper lip" forming the roof of the preoral cavity & mouth

~the jaws, either jawlike in shape in biting & chewing insects or modified as narrow stylets inpiercing & sucking insects; the 1st pair of jaws; derived from the 4th head segment

~the 2nd pair of jaws; jawlike in chewing insects, variously modified in others, derived from the 5th head segment

~the "lower lip", forming the floor of the mouth, often w/a pair of palps & 2 pairs of median lobes, derived from teh 6th head segment

~the external, hardened, cuticular skeleteon to which muscles are attached internally

~the inextensible & unsupportive outermost layer of cuticle

~the rigid, sclerotized outer layer of the procuticle

~the thicker layer of cuticle, which in sclerotized cuticle comprises an outer exocuticle and inner endocuticle lying beneath the thinner epicuticle

~the epidermis plus cuticle; the outer covering of the living tissues of an insect

~the unicellular layer of extodermally derived integument that secretes the cuticle

~the flexible, unsclerotized inner layer of the procuticle

~the outermost layer of the cuticle, often absent

~the major component of arthropod cuticle, a polysaccaride composed of linked units of N-acytl-D-glucosamine

~soft, stretchable, cuticle, e.g. b/w segments

~a cuticular extension, a trichoid sensillum; hair

~a multicellular unjointed cuticular extension often thorn-like

~fine, unicellular, cuticular externsions

~a subcellular cuticular extension, usually several to very many per cell

~the dorsal surface of a segment

~the ventral surface of a segment

~the lateral region of the body, bearing the limb bases

~the part of the insect head to which the mabrum is attached anteriorly; it lies below the frons, w/which it may be fused in a frontaclypeus or separated by a suture

~literally, a cheek; on each side of the head, the party lying beneath the cpd eye

~the "simple" eye (fig 4.10b) of adult & nymphal insects, typically 3 in a triangle on the vertex, w/one median & 2 lateral ocelli

~the single medio-anterior sclerite of teh insect hed, usually lying b/w the epicranium & the clypeus

~the dorsal part of the posterior cranium

~a groove on the head that indicates the original head segmentation, separating the postocciput from the remainder of the head

`the posterior rim of the head behind the postoccipital suture

the lateral part of the occipital arch posterior to the postoccipital suture

~the top of the head, posterior to the frons

~The endoskeletal cuticular invaginations of the head, including anterior and posterior tentorial arms

~an ingrowth of the exoskeleton tendon-like, to which muscles are attached

~a rubber-like or elastic protein in some insect cuticles

• ~protura
• ~diplura
• ~collembola

*blind

*very primitive looking

*found mostly in caves or leaf litter

*extremely rare

*automatic A in lab if found

~"double-tail"

*rare

*simi-blind

*found in leaf litter

*worth a lot of points in lab

*ferculum (use to jump off substrate)

• ~archaeognatha
• (microcoryphia)
• ~zygentoma
• (thysanura)
• ~*both
• grps have 3 tails

• *archaeognatha
• have huge eyes (differentiator)

~Bristetails

~not typically found near homes

~near base of trees

~silverfish

~on walls or floor

• ~wings always extended out or over body, no way
• of folding wings
• ephemeroptera
• (mayflies)
• odonata
• (dragonflies)

~PALAEOPTERA

~Mayflies

~live multiple months as immature

~a day maybe 2 as adult and die

~optera means wings

~ephemer means ???

~only insect where last larvae stage has wings

~PALAEOPTERA

~dragonflies

~extremely common in UTC parking lot

~extremely hard to catch -fastest insects out there

~need net

• ~mantodea
• ~blattodea
• ~plecoptera
• ~Emibioptera
• ~Phasmatodea
• ~dermaptera
• ~zoraptera
• ~orthoptera
• ~grylloblattodea
• ~mantophasmatodea

• ~polyneoptera
• ~praying mantas

• ~polyneoptera
• ~cockroaches & isoptera (termites)
• ~

• ~polyneoptera
• ~stone flies
• ~*water

*attracted to lights

• ~polyneoptera
• ~web spinners
• ~*can produce silk from glands of front legs

*rare around here

• ~polyneoptera
• ~walking sticks
• ~*mimick branches

*also found on garage doors

~polyneoptera

~(earwigs)

*basements

*under rocks

~polyneoptera

~ (angel insects)

*rare

*live in rotten wood

*1 species in united states out of 30ish world wide

• ~polyneoptera
• ~*grasshoppers

*crickets

• ~polyneoptera
• ~(ice crawler)

*like extremely cold enviros

*only found at canadian border

~polyneoptera

~(gladiator insects)

*newest order discovered in 2001

*strictly in south africa

• ~psocodea (psocoptera/phthiraptera)
• ~thysanoptera
• ~hemiptera

~paraneoptera

~*known as book lice

~shape of hear is very bulbous

~extremely common on top of flowers



*biting lice

~mammal lice

• ~paraneoptera
• ~thrips
• *extremely small
• *don't bite humans
• *like flowers

• ~paraneoptera
• ~true bugs

• ~coleoptera
• ~megaloptera
• ~neuroptera
• ~raphidioptera
• ~strepsiptera
• ~siphonaptera
• ~mecoptera
• ~diptera
• ~hymenoptera
• ~trichoptera
• ~lepidoptera

• ~holometabola
• ~beetles

• ~holometabola
• ~(alderflies/dobsonflies/etc)

*huge insects

*near smokies towards light

*mandable are soft

• ~holometabola
• ~ (lacewings, antlion)

• ~holometabola
• ~ (snakeflies)

*western north america

• ~holometabola
• ~(twisted
• winged parasite)

*only found near light

*females only found inside another insect

(cricket/fly/etc)

*male knows where female is/ female makes a

hole and they mate while host is still alive

• ~holometabola
• ~(fleas)

*flattened latterally (defense mechanism)

~holometabola

~(scorpion flies)

*do not sting though

*near trees/upside down under leaves

• ~holometabola
• ~flies

• ~holometabola
• ~bees/wasps/ants

• ~holometabola
• ~caddis flies

• ~holometabola
• ~butterflies/moths

• ~chewing/biting type (most beetles)
• ~suctorial type (butterflies
• *mandible is lost
• *maxillae & labium are reduced
• *probiscis formed from galea
• ~chewing/lapping type
• *combo of maxillae & labium
• ~suctorial/piercing (flies)
• *probiscus formed of labrum, hypopharynx & labium
• ~suctorial/piercing (true bugs)
• *"beak" formed by the mandibular stylets & maxillary stylets & encases by the labium
• ~filter feeding type (aquatic larvae)

• ~3 segments
• ~scape-attached to head
• ~pedicel contains johnson's organ
• ~flegellum-antennae -3rd segment & beyond

• ~6
• ~3
• ~11

• ~coxa
• ~trochanter
• ~femur
• ~tibia
• ~tarsus
• ~pretarsal claws
• ~modified for:
• *walking/running
• *jumping
• *swimming
• *digging
• *prey capture

• ~coastal, radial, medial, cubital, & anal
• ~tegmina - leathery, thickened forewings
• ~elytra - protective wing cases
• ~hemelytra - forewings w/basal part thickened & apical part membranous
• ~halteres -forewings are modified as stabilizes

• ~contains mandibles
• ~chewing/biting type of insect

• ~sucking; as of mouthparts
• ~butterflies -mandibles lost, maxillae & labium reduced

• ~combo of maxillae & labium
• ~mandibles more for building

~the jaws, either jaw-like in shape in biting & chewing or modified as narrow stylets in piercing & sucking insects, 1st pair of jaws

• ~2nd pair of jaws
• ~jaw-like in mandibulates, variously modified in others

~the "lower lip" forming the floor of the mouth, often w/a a pair of palps & 2 pairs of median lobes

~the "upper lip", forming the roof of the preoral cavity & mouth

a median lobe of preoral cavity of the mouthparts

~The lateral lobe of the maxillary stipes

~the proximal part of the maxillary base

~the distal part of the maxilla; bearing a galea; a lacinia, & a maxillary palp

~the mesal lobe of the maxillary stipes

~the part of the insect head to which the labrum is attached anteriorly, it lies below the frons, w/which it may be fused in a frontoclypeus or separated by a suture

~the dorsal food puch, lying b/w the hypopharynx & the inner wall of the clypeus, often w/a muscular pump

~in bees the lobe at the tip of the glossae "tongue"

~the "tongue", one pair of lobes on the inner apex of the prementum

~one of a pair of lobes distolateral on the prementum of the labium, lying outside the glossae, but mesal to the labial palp

~probiscus formed of labrum, hypopharynx & labium galea lost

~one of the elongate parts of piercing/sucking mouthparts, a needle-like structure

~1st segment of antenna

~the 2nd antenna segment

• ~3rd segment & beyond of antenna
• ~more generally, any whip or whip-like structure

~a chordotonal (sensory) organ w/i the antenna pedicel

~1st segment of thorax

~2nd segment of thorax

~3rd segment of thorax

~the enlarged 2nd & 3rd segments of the thorax bearing the wings in pterygotes

~the anterior 3rd of the alinotum, in front of the scutum

~wing bearing plate on the dorsum of the mesothorax or metathorax

~the posterior 3rd of the alinotum, lying behind the scutum

~the posterior part of a pterothoracic notum bearing the phragmata that support longitudinal muscles

~middle 3rd of the alinotum in front of scutellum

~a small sclerite, one of the epipleurites that lies anterior to the pleural wing process; an attachment for the direct flight muscles

~small sclerite, one of the epipleurites that lies posterior to the pleural wing process, forming an attachement for the direct flight muscles

~the anterior division of the pleuron, separated from the epimeron by the pleural suture

~posterior division of the pleuron of a thorax, separated from the episternum by the pleural suture

~the externally visible indication of the pleural ridge providing reinforcement for the wing articulation

~small sclerite anterior to the coxa

~the main sclerite of the eusternum, lying b/w the anterior presternum & posterior sternellum

~the small sclerite of the eusternum, lying posterior to the basisternum

~the dominant ventral plate of the thorax that frequently extends into the pleural region

~an intersternite bearing a spina spometimes used w/the eusterna of the prothorax & mesothorax, but never the metathorax

~the proximal (basal) leg segment

~the 3rd segment of an insect leg (from the body), following the coxa & trochanter, often the stoutest leg segment

~the 4th leg segment following the femur

~the leg segment distal to the tibi, comprising of one to five tarsomeres and apically bearing the pretarsus

~the 2nd leg segment, following the coxa

~pretarsal pad-like or sac-like structures lying b/w the claws

~bladder-like pretarsal appendage

~digging, or adapted to digging

~adapted for capturing prey by grasping

~A leathery, hardened forewing

~the modified, hardened forewing of a beetle that protects the hindwing

~the forewing of heteroptera, w/a thickened basal section & membranous apical section

~modified hindwing in Diptera acting as a balancer

~a pigmented (and denser) spot near the anterior margin of the fore & sometimes hind wing

~the anterior part of the wing, usually more rigid than the posterior clavus & w/more veins

~posterior part of the wing, supported by the anal veins

~the posterobasal area of the wing, delimited by the jugal fold & the wing margin

~a flexion -line on the wing that separates teh clavus from the remigium

~one of the articular sclerites of the neopteran wing base

~1 of the articular sclerites of the neopteran wing, lying @ the base of the costa

~2 articulating plates tat are fused w/the veins in an odonate wing; the anterior supports the costal vein, the posterior supports the remaining veins

~the most anterior longitudinal wing vein, running along the costal margin of the wing & ending near the apex

~transverse wing veins that link the longitudinal veins

~falling off, detaching

~no wings

~shortened wings

~external opening of the tracheal system

~one of a pair of appendages originating from abdominal segment 11 but usually visible as if an segment

~organ used for laying eggs

~a valve (part of the shaft) of the ovipositor

~the style of the 9th segment often functioning as a male clasper

~opening of the genital duct; in the unmodified female the opening of the common oviduct

~the true ovipositor formed from appendages of segments 8 & 9

~an ovipositor