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The principal drugs employed for treatment of heart failure are
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE), diuretics,
- beta blockers,
- digoxin.
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Remodeling is a process in which the ventricles
dilate, hypertrophy and become more spherical.
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The principal adverse effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are
hypotension, hyperkalemia and cough
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The oldest and most frequently prescribed inotropic drugs are the
cardiac glycosides.
-
Spironolactone has two adverse effects of concern. They are
gynecomastia and hyperkalemia.
-
A drug that provides a positive inotropic effect on the heart causes
increased force of contraction, thereby increasing cardiac output.
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Beneficial effects of digoxin in the treatment of heart failure include
increased cardiac output, consequences of increased cardiac output, decreased sympathetic tone, increased urine output and decreased renin release.
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The most common cause of dysrhythmias in patients receiving digoxin is
hypokalemia secondary to the use of diuretics.
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The principal noncardiac toxicities of digoxin concern the
Gastrointestinal system and the central nervous system.
-
The therapeutic plasma level of digoxin is
0.5 to 0.8 ng/ml.
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Is the use of antidysrhythmic drugs increasing or decreasing?
Decreasing
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The term arrhythmia denotes a(n)______of
cardiac rhythm, whereas dysrhythmia denotes a(n)_______rhythm
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Phase 3 repolarization can be delayed by drugs that block
potassium channels
-
The treatment of choice for sustained ventricular tachycardia is
cardioversion
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The most common adverse effect of quinidine is
Diarrhea
-
Lidocaine is the treatment of choice for
short term therapy of ventricular dysrhythmias__.
-
The major adverse effect of bretylium is
Profound Hypotension
-
What is the current drug of choice for terminating paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)
Adenosine
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What are the four families of antianginal agents?
- organic nitrates,
- calcium channel blockers,
- beta blockers
- ranolazine.
-
The underlying cause of exertional angina is
coronary artery disease
-
Beta blockers are effective in which type of angina?
Stable Angina
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Eptifibatide (Integrilin) and tirofiban (Aggrastat) are used as which type of therapy?
antiplatelet
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How many hours a day should a patient receiving nitroglycerin therapy be drug-free of this medication? __
8 hours
-
How is nitroglycerin administered via the intravenous (IV) route?
Administration should be performed using a glass IV bottle and the administration set provided by the manufacturer
-
Adverse effects of beta blockers include
bradycardia, decreased AV conduction, reduced contractility, insomnia, depression, bizarre dreams and sexual dysfunction.
-
If an asthmatic individual absolutely must use a beta blocker, which one should be administered?
Cardiac selective, metoprolol.
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The major adverse effect of the calcium channel blockers is
reflex tachycardia
-
Cardiac oxygen demand is determined by
heart rate, contractility, preload and afterload.
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