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Empirical
Legal
Ethical
- Empirical-facts about the world (what IS)
- Legal- laws, codes regulations (what IS---IS does not equal OUGHT ex: slavery used to be legal)
- Ethical-positions, arguments, etc.(what SHOULD be)/will not get 1 answer, must be consistent)
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BLUM
-antiracism
-psych and historical aspects of racism
-multiculturalism
- antiracism-counter attitudes of superiority that seek to perpetuate unjustified advantages of one group over another
- -3 components: belief in equal worth of all persons regardless of race, understand racism (psych. and historical), and avoid racism and ensure it doesn't manifest in society
- psych. & historical aspects of racism-psych: stereotyping, scapegoating/ hist: slavery, colonialism
- Multiculturalism- affirm one's own culture, respect/understand other cultures, and value cultural adversity
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Moral Relativism
what's right is relative to context
OPPOSITE OF UTILITARIANISM- "When in Rome, do as the Romans do."
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Essentialism
a characteristic is essentially a part of someone because of a trait
EX: All _____s like ________. All ________s do this. ("All rednecks like country music.")
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Nussbaum
-Fauziya example
-why FGM is disanalagous to circumcision
-3 types of FGM
-Harms of FGM
-4 criticisms
-not analagous to circumcision because circumcision believed to have little to no effect on male's lives/entire penis is not cut off
-3 types (clitoridectomy-remove all/part of clitoris---Excision- remove all or part of clitoris and inner lips---Infibulation-most of vag removed and urethra stitched
-Harms-many! (EX: infertility, issues w/childbirth, PTSD, difficulty menstruating, kidney stones)
-Criticisms-can't criticize 1 culture w/o looking @ own/must eradicate practice in own culture/on par w/dieting/involves a loss that may not be central to all female Westerner's-fixation inappropriate (WRONG-It's about consent/choice)
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DATA FOR ETHICS
-Rules
-Intuitions
-Codes
-Laws
-Religion
- -Tell what we should/should not do
- -Do not answer "WHY"-Unethical arguments
- -Must step outside of them and bring in other arguments to solve and prove
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Consquentialism
assume you can control consequences of your actions and that you have knoweldge of those consequences
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Teleology
concerned w/ the consequences of an act
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Utilitarianism-- "THE OVERARCHING PRINCIPLE"
An act is right if it maximizes overall good and minimizes overall harm
- -a form of consequentialism
- ex: building stadium, food bank, or library-Strong: food bank (feed)/ Weak: stadium (revenue-not immediate help for hungry)
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The HIGHEST Value!
JUSTICE
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Deontology/Kant
- act is right if it follows the CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE (UNIVERSILIZATION & MEANS/END)-Universalization- can be applied to all
- -Means/End-act always to treat others as ends in themselves and not MERELY as a means to an end
- -LIE= UNACCEPTABLE (use persons as means to an end, undermine their intelligence)
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VIRTUE ETHICS
- DEFICIENCY--VIRTUE--EXCESS ------> cowardice, courage, foolhardy ----->pride, modesty.humility
- -virtue = Golden Mean (Aristotle): virtuous course between deficiency and excess/OPPOSITE=vice
- -VIRTUE GENERATES PRESCRIPTION, VICE GENERATES PROHIBITION
- -prescriptions and prohibitions -what to do and what not to do (EX: v=honesty/presc.: tell truth--vice: dishon./proh.: don't lie)
- -agent centered
- -4 cardinal virtues: temperance, justice, courage, wisdom
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GILLIGAN
-Differences in Amy and Jake's responses
-Ethic of care vs. logic approach
- -AMY: ----ETHIC OF CARE: relationships, communication, connection, not individualistic, not focused on rights
- -JAKE:---- LOGIC OF JUSTICE: rights, heirarchical, logical, Kohlberg scale, individualistic
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HUMAN RIGHTS
- Positive right-given directly or given access to exercise that right (often by gvt.) ex: healthcare in Canada, elementry ed. in U.S.
- Negative right-Not given or guaranteed access but no one can interfere (ex: healthcare in U.S./College ed. in U.S.)--dependent on resources $$
- Human/Moral right- every human given by virtue of being human
- Civil right- right for citizens
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Values-impt. to ETHICS, used all of the time
Care
Autonomy
Responsibility
Empathy
Community
Justice
- Care-special duties to people in need/in relationship to you
- Autonomy-ability to make own choice (taken from criminals)
- Responsibility-being held accountable
- Empathy
- Community-owe back to comm. because it helps make you
- Justice-when one gets his or her due
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BOLTE
- Marriage def.-monogamous, in love, man and woman, procreation
- -"natural objection"-sodomy not normal way to use human organs
- -SSM vs. Civil Unions- CU's not recognized in all states, limited benefits
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HARM PRINCIPLE
Your liberty (autonomy) can be restricted when you risk harm to others (or are suicidal)
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JORDAN
-moral impasse
-public dilemma
-resolution by declaration
-resolution by accomodation
-objections
- -moral impasse-conflicting claims (PAST: divorce, interracial relationships/ PRES: abortion, smoking, SSM)
- -public dilemma-moral impasse located in public square
- -resolution by declaration-gvt. chooses side
- -resolution by accomodation-gvt. tries to give as much as possible to both sides
- -objections-faulty analogy to mixed marriage because mm not public dilemma (false-it was! state sanctioned since it discriminated against people)/What if people born that way? Don't have to act upon biological compulsion--compares to pyros)/Would violate religions--all sins equal, people sin everyday
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FILM: "Colors Between Black and White"
-fit
-phenotype
-species
- -fit-fertile
- -phenotype-things we see ( ex: hair texture)-race not merely pheno./can't seperate people based on looks alone, people look same
- -species-based on possibility of reproduction
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ZACK
-race as social construction
-epistemology of racial sorting
-2 paradigms of race
-def. of racism
-how we rid ourselves of false notions
- -race as social construction-anything the result of human interaction & intention in contexts where past actions have present consequences
- -epistemology of racial sorting-study of knowledge, black=1 black ancestor/white=no non-white ancestors, white appearance, asian=ancestors from "asian" country
- -2 paradigms of race- 1) heirarchical taxonomies that put whites at top/2) white supremacists have now been challenged (cultural domination)
- -def. of racism-fundamental denial of moral equality based on race/intentional & institutional/indiv. and social preferences and aversions based on diff. racial identities
- -how we rid ourselves of false notions-dissimenate knowledge, relearn/redo
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McINTOSH
-def. of "white privilege"
-ex. of white privilege
-white priv. and myth of meritocracy
- -def. of "white privilege"-invisible package of unearned assets which whites can cash in daily
- -ex. of white privilege-police/IRS audits (not due to race), don't have to educate kids about racism, etc.
- -white priv. and myth of meritocracy- meritocracy=earned/white priv.=unearned
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Zero Sum Game
finite # of resources, someone's loss=another's gain
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Disparate Treatment & Disparate Impact
Disparate Treatment- ILLEGAL, people treated diff. based on gender/race, not as common now (EX: saying no to men applying to nursing program
Disparate Impact- NOT ILLEGAL, population of org. does not match pop. %s
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Definition of AA
giving preferential treatment to QUALIFIED underrepresented candidate
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Why reparations not form of AA
Reparations repayment for PAST harm, AA addresses present disparate impact NOT past
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STEELE
-focuses on disadvantaged, reparations, Black & White issue (all 3 not AA)
-why AA not reverse discrimination
-how AA harms Blacks
-Model & Meritocracy
- -why AA not reverse discrimination-does not add up with disparate impact, %s of positions
- -how AA harms Blacks-encourages to embrace victimization, increases feelings of inferiority, lowers standards- NOT accurately presented in media
- -Model & Meritocracy-develop economic and educational systems that help disadvantaged, racism should be severely sanctioned, monitor institutions for racism= FAIR COMPETITION AND MERITOCRACY
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