Is the acquisition, transformation, and utilization of energy and the sum of all reactions in the body
Anabolism
Building of things - requires energy
Catabolism
Breaking down - releasing energy
Entrophy
Disorder in a system
Metabolic pathway
sequence of enzyme catalyzed reactions
reactants
molecules converted to a product
exergonic
energy released from a reaction
endergonic
energy put in a reaction
catalyst
material that speeds up the rate of reaction
Enzyme
biological catalyst
1st law of thermodynamics
energy cant be created or destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another
2nd law of thermodynamics
Entrophy of the universe is constantly increasing. amount of energy that is available to do work is decreases. Need to supply energy to remain organized
Endergonic reactions
require energy to initiate the reaction
Exergonic reactions
release / generate energy
reversibility of a chemical reaction
A reaction can form products and products can form reactants
Chemical equilibrium
When there is no net reaction direction, when the reactant is convered to product at the same rate product is converted to reactant. Reactant and products have the same energy
Rate
Measure of time it takes for a chemical reaction to occur
affect the rate of a reaction
Reactant and product concentrations
Temperature
Height of the reactions activation energy barrier
characteristics of enzymes
Most proteins - shape accounts for the enzyme
Specificity
can be used repeatedly
end in 'ase'
energy of activation
enzyme structure vs shape
enzyme structure determines enzyme function - base on shape
Shape is determined from the amino acid sequence
Oxidation
reaction in which electrons are released
Reduction
reaction in which electrons are gained
Anaerobic
Does not require oxygen to occur
Aerobic
Requires oxygen to occur
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
a mechanism of ATP synthesis in which an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP. occurs in steps 7 and 10 of glycolysis and step 5 of the krebs cycle
ATP as the "energy currency"
Because it is the primary direct energy source for cell activity
ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate
Glycolysis
Oxygen - None
Occurs - cytoplasm
How atp is made - substrate level phosphorylation
products - pyruvate
atp yield - 2
pyruvate under anaerobic conditions
lactic acid
Krebs/ Citric acid cycle
oxygen - yes
occurs - mitochondrial matrix
how atp is made - Substrate level phosporylation and also linked to electron transport