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NOR
Contains the chromatin that is transcribed to produce rRNA; Transcription of pre-ribosomal RNA
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Fibrous Regions
Contain the transcribed nuclear RNA that is undergoing splicing and dicing
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Granular Regions
contain the maturing rRNA that is being assembled into ribosomal subunits (40s and 60s subunits)
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Vesicular
Large, euchromatic nucleus with prominent nucleolus
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What do Peroxisomes contain?
numerous enzymes, most prominently urate oxidase, catalase, and D-amino acid oxydase
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What stains actin?
Phallodin
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What stains Microtubules?
Tubulin
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What stains Intermediate Filaments?
Vimentin
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Diameter of Microtubules
25 nm
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Diameter of Intermediate Filaments
10 nm
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Diameter of Myosin
12-16nm
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What is another word for Nuclear Cisternae
Nuclear Pore
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Type of subunits that make up intermediate filaments
small, elongated and fibrous subunits
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Type of subunits that make up actin
compact globular subunits
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Type of subunits that make up myosin
compact globular subunits
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What type of interactions hold filaments together?
non-covalent interactions to facilitate rapid assembly and disassembly
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Depolarizes (dissolves) actin filaments
cytochalasin
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Stabalizes actin filaments by blocking depolymerization
phalloidin
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breaks actin filaments
gelsolin
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Lamins are what type of filament?
Intermediate filaments
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Desmosomes are also known as:
Macula Adherens
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Intermediate filaments attach to what in desmosomes
Desmoplakins (attachment plaque) and Desmogleins (Cadherins)
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Intermediate filaments attach to what in hemidesmosomes
Attachment plaque (plectin) and integrins
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What cross links actin?
Alpha actinin (loose) and fimbrin (tight)
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Bend easy but are hard to break
Intermediate filaments
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What filaments are involved with blistering skin disease?
Mutant keratin genes cause intermediate filament problems
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Microtubule organizing structure
Centriole
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Interferes with microtubule movement by stabilizing microtubules
Taxol: used to treat breast and uterine cancers
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Interferes with microtubule assembly
Vineblastin: used to treat hodgkin's lymphoma and cancer
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What happens in microtubules when GTP --> GDP
Microtubule filaments curve slightly
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Three motor proteins
Myosins, Kinesins, Dyneins
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What do Kinesins do?
Move cargo to the + end
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What makes up Kinesins?
dymers of 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains with microtubule and ATP binding sites on head and cargo binding sites on tail
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What do Dyneins do?
Cytoplasmic Dyneins Move cargo to the - end of microtubules and aid in mitosis spindle development and Axonemal Dyneins power the beating of flagella and cillia
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What make up dyneins?
large protein complexes with many subunits
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Where are proteins made?
Almost exclusively in the cytosol except a few in mitochondria
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how many proteins make up the nuclear pore complex
30
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what is the largest size protein that can go through the nuclear pore?
60 kDa
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what energy is used to transport molecules through nuclear pores?
GTD Hydrolysis
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membrane-bound oligosaccharyl transferase enzyme glycosylates what?
target asparagine amino acids when proteins enter the ER lumen
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N-linked glycosylation promotes protein folding by :
1. making intermediates more soluble in water thus prevent their aggregation 2. mediates binding between proteins and chaperones 3. establish a ‘glyco code’ that marks the progression of protein folding
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How do vesicles move
Microtubule networks and motor proteins (kinesin, dynein)
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What are COPI and COPII?
COPI coats vesicles going towards the ER, COPII coats vesicles moving away from the ER through the Golgi
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What is the Constitutive secretory pathway?
secretory vesicles dump contents of cells outside cell membrane. In case of polarized cells, proteins are selectively directed to either the apical or the basolateral membrane domain
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Where do the Constitutive and regulated secretory pathways diverge?
Trans Golgi Network
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How does LDL enter the cell?
via receptor-mediated endocytosis
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What pH is the interior of endosomes and why?
The interior of the endosome compartment is kept acidic (pH 5-6) by an ATP-driven proton pump that pumps H+ into the endosome lumen from the cytosol
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Tight Junctions are also known as
Zonula occludens
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Zonula occludens are also known as
Tight Junctions
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The four layers of the junctional complex in order are:
Zonula occludens, Zonula adherens, Macula adherens (desmosome), and Gap junction
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How can the individual components of the junctional complex be seen?
Usually only with an electron microscope
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What proteins are involved with the Zonula Occludens?
Claudins and Occuldins (sewing together)
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Zonula Adherens are known as
Adhering Junctions
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Adhering junctions are known as
Zonula Adherens
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What proteins are associated with Zonula Adherens?
Cadherens, Catenin, alpha actin and an actin terminal web
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Desmosomes are known as
Macula Adherens
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What proteins are associated with desmosomes
Cadherens (desmogleins), Desmoplakins, and Tonofilaments (intermediate filaments)
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Gap junction is also called a
Nexus
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what proteins are associated with gap junctions
connexon
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how wide are gap junctions and how wide are connexins?
2nm wide and 1.5 nm diameter
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How wide are desmosomes?
35 nm
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How can the basement membrane be seen?
light microscope
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what is the attachment plaque for hemidesmosomes called
plectin
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what proteins are associated with hemidesmosomes
tonofilaments (intermediate filaments) attach to plectin, which is attached to integrins which insert into the laminin of the lamina rara which then connects to the type IV collagen in the lamina densa and fibtonectin and type VII collagen connect that to the type III collagen reticular lamina
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What is the core of microvilli
actin core anchored to the terminal web
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dimensions of microvilli
1-2 um tall, 0.08 um wide
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What are stereocillia
essentially very tall microvilli
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dimensions of cillia
5-10 um tall. 0.2 um wide
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what proteins stabalize the actin core and attach it to the microvillar membrane
Villin, Fimbrin, and Myosin I
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What is an axoneme?
Base of a cillia, made up of 9 doublets and a central pair of microtubules (tubulin), it is anchored to the basal body, dynein arms bend the cillia
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Describe the basal body
9 triplets, but no central pair of microtubules
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What are primary cillia?
special population of non-motile cilia that lack the central pair of tubules. Problems with primary cilia can have been tied to diseases, including polycystic kidneys and some forms of skin cancer, they may allow for sensing the environment
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limit of resolution of a light microscope
0.2 um (200 nm)
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Basal folds of mitochondria stain what with H&E
pink with eosin
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vinblastin and taxol do what?
vinblastin blocks assembly of microtubules and taxol blocks disassembly of microtubules
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Genetic deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme hexosaminidase-A results in
Tay-Sachs disease, GM2 gangliosidosis
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At cellular focal adhesions (attachment plaques), extracellular matrix connects to the cytoskeleton via
integrins, actin-associated proteins, and actin
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When cells ingest proteins by pinocytosis or by receptor-mediated
- endocytosis, the proteins are broken down in
- secondary lysosomes
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The molecular motor proteins kinesin and dynein move cellular organelles along what?
Microtubules
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where is signal peptidase found?
inner (cisternal) surface of rER
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Red blood cell diameter
7 um
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what protein makes up the triplet structure found in centrioles and basal bodies
tubulin
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Proteins associated with microvilli
fimbrin, myosin
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proteins associated with the cell cortex
spectrin, filamin
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what actin proteins are associted with endocytosis
gelsolin
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what actin filaments are associated with focal adhesions
alpha acitinin, vinculin, talin, and integrin
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I-cell disease
A recessive, lysosomal storage disease, lack enzymatic ability in cis golgi to phosphorylates mannose (lysosomal hydrolase precursor) results in lysosomal acid hydrolase enzymes 9 to be found in the blood stream, inclusion bodies form in lysosomes
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Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGS)
Caused by mutation in Laminin A, a protein in nuclear lamina, results in abnormal nuclear structure, the aging disease
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Zellweger Syndrome
gentic defect in process of importing proteins into peroxisomes, leads to “empty” peroxisomes
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Xeroderma pigmentosum
urine-pyrimidine dimmers form after UV exposure and can’t be replaced, defect in nuclear protein causes skin cancer
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Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS)-
group of connective tissue disorders from inheritable defects in metabolism of fibrillar collagen molecules
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Cystic Fibrosis
protein misfolding disease, deletion of phenylalanine(degraded after incorrect folding) No CF transmembrane conductace regulator (CFTR) protein
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Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
caused by prion (PrP), “mad cow” disease. resistant to proteolytic degradation insoluble fibril aggregations can occur
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Alzheimer’s disease
spontaneous folding, protein cleaved and let with amyloid precursors. Fragments come together and form amyloid plaques
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Marfan’s Syndrome
- mutation in fibrillin-1 proteina. abnormal fibrillin inhibit functional microfibrils
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Huntington’s Disease
extra replication/amplification of CAG codon causes insertion of extra Gln residues in Huntington proteina.Extra Gln residue cause accumulation of protein aggregates
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Which of these are completed in the cytoplasm?: RNA polymerase II , Catalase, Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, immunoglobulin G, and B-hexaminadase A
RNA polymerase II and Catalase are completed in the cytoplasm, Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, immunoglobulin G, and B-hexaminadase A are not.
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What does lipoprotein lipase do?
Lipoprotein lipase is responsible for cleaving fatty acids from triacylglycerol carried by chylomicrons and VLDL
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What does hormone sensitive lipase do?
Hormone sensitive lipase is responsible for cleaving fatty acids from adipose tissue during a fast
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What contributes to hyperglycemia and a ketonic state for insulin patients who don't take their medicine?
In insulin patients gluconeogenisis contributes to hyperglycemia, oxidation of fatty acids in the liver contributes to ketonic state
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Lactate to Pyruvate or pyruvate to lactate by lactase dehydrogenase
oxioreductase
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Serine to glycine by serine hydroxyl methyl transferase –
transferase
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Urea to ammonia by urease –
hydrolase
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Pyruvate to acetaldehyde by pyruvate decarboxylase –
lysases
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Methylmalonyl COA to succinyl CoA by methulmalonyl CoA mutase
isomerase
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Pyruvate to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase –
ligases
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Catalyze oxidation – reduction reactions –
oxioreductase
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Catalyze transfer of C- N- or P- containing groups –
transferase
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Catalyze cleavage of bonds by addition of water –
hydrolase
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Catalyze cleavage of C-C, C-S and certain C-N bonds –
lysases
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Catalyze racemization of optical or geometric isomers –
isomerases
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Catalyze formation of bonds between carbon atoms and O, S, N, coupled to hydrolysis of high energy phosphates –
ligases
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Where does CO bind to Hemoglobin?
Same site as O2
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Where does CO2 bind to Hemoglobin?
at a different site than O2, making carbaminohemoglobin
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What is the minor adult form of hemoglobin?
alpha 2 delta 2
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how many protons are released for every O2 bound in hemoglobin?
A proton is released for every two O2 bound in hemoglobin (max 2 per hemoglobin molecule because maximum of 4 O2 molecules bound)
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SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamine gel electrophoresis) determines?
protein molecular weight
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V = ?
V = Vmax[S]/([Km + [S])
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Competative inhibitors are usually structurally similar to?
Competative inhibitors are usually structurally similar to substrates
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Ehlers Danlos caused by ?
Ehlers Danlos caused by procollagen peptidase definciency
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Cystic fibrosis is caused by ?
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a thee base pair deletion in a gene such that the encoded protein misfolds and is degraded prior to reaching its normal location
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Picture the Hemidesmosome
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Picture where ribosomes are made
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