Anatomy and Physiology chapter 1

the study of body structure

the study of how the body functions

the study of disease

anything that upsets the normal structure or working of the body

• 1. chemicals
• 2. cell
• 3. tissue
• 4. organ
• 5. organ system
• 6. whole organism

the basic units of all life

a group of similar cells that performs a specialized function.

body part containing 2 or more tissues functiong together for specific purposes

group of organs functioning together for the same general purposes

• for protection, support and movement:
• integumentary
• skeletal
• muscular
• for coordination and control:
• nervous
• endocrine
• for circulation:
• cardiovascular
• lymphatic
• for nutrition and fluid balance:
• respiratory
• digestive
• urinary
• for production of offspring:
• reproductive

• provides protection.
• skin, hair, nails and sweat and oil glands.

• The basic framework of the body.
• 206 bones and the joints between them.

• Skeletal muscle attatches to bones and produces movement. Also gives the body structure, protects organs, and maintains posture.
• the 2 other types of muscles are smooth muscle, present in the walls of body organs, and the cardiac muscle.

• Transports information in the body by means of electrical impulses. Also controls and coordinates the body. Such higher functions as memory and reasoning also occur in the brain.
• made up by the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

A system of scattered organs that secrete hormones, which regulate body activities.

• Pumps blood through out the body tissues, bringing with it nutrients, oxygen, and other needed substances.
• Consists of the heart and blood vessels.

• Assists circulation my bringing fluids from the tissues back to the blood. Also plays a role in immunity, protecting from disease, aids in the absorption of digested fats.
• the fluid in the lymphatic system is called lymph.

• System consisting of the lungs and breathing passages involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the outside air and the blood.
• Takes in air and conducts it to the areas designed for gas exchange. Oxygen passes from the air into the blood and is carried to all tissues by the cardiovascular system. In the like manner, carbon dioxide, a gasseous waste product, is taken by the circulation from tissues back to the lungs to be expelled.

• Takes in nutrients, converts them into a form that body cells can use, and absorbs them into circulation,
• Organs of the digestive system include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, and pancreas.

• Rids the body of waste products and excess water.
• Main components are the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder, and the urethra.

Includes all the external sex organs and all related internal structures that are concerned with the production of offspring.

All physical and chemical processes by which an organism is maintained.

• the breaking down phase of metabolism
• complex substances are broken down into simpler compounds. The break down of food yield simple chemical building blocks and energy (ATP) to power cellular activities.

• the building up phase of metabolism
• simple compounds are used (built back up) to manufacture materials needed for growth, function, and repair of tissues.

adenosine triphosphate. the energy (or "energy currency") obtained from the breakdown of nutrients (catabolism).

The state of balance with in the body.

• All bidy fluids outside the cells. Bathes the cells, carries nutrient substances to and from the cells, and transports the nutrients into and out of the cells.
• examples include blood, lymph, and the fluid between the cells and tissues.

Fluid contained with in the cells.

The main method for maintaining homeostasis; a control system based on information returning to a source.

Keeps body systems with in a set normal range by reversing any upward or downward shifts.

A substance or condition works within a system to promote more of the same activity.

Subject is standing upright, with face front, arms at the sides with palms forward, and feet parallel.

above or in a higher position

Below or in a lower position

• also anterior,
• located toward the belly or front of the body

• also ventral,
• located toward the belly or front of the body.

• Also posterior,
• refers to locations nearer to the back

• also dorsal,
• refers to locations nearer to the back

nearer to the head

nearer to the sacral region of the spinal column, or in an inferior direction

nearer to an imaginary plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into left and right portions

farther away from the midline, toward the side

nearer to the origin of a structure

farther from the origin of a structure

• also Coronal Plane
• an imaginary plane dividing the body into front and back sections

• Also Frontal Plane
• an imaginary plane dividing the body into front and back sections

An imaginary plane dividing the body into left and right sections

• also called Horizontal Plane
• An inaginary plane dividing the body into upper and lower sections

• also called Transverse Plane
• an imaginary plane dividing the body into superior and inferior sections

contains the cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord)

contains the thoracic cavity (heart and lungs), and abdominopelvic cavity -containing the abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, spleen, and others) and the palvic cavity (reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and rectum.

• epigastric
• umbilical
• hypogastric

• hypochondriac
• lumbar
• illiac, or inguinal

the basic unit of length in the metric system

the basic unit of weight in the metric system

the basic unit of volume (liquid) in the metric system