Micro test 3

• in presence or absence of o2
• net gain 2 ATP, 2 NADH

• net gain:
• 2atp
• 6 nadh
• 2 fadh2

transfering electrons from nadh and fadh2 to oxygen

• in absence of o2
• electrons transfered to an organic terminal electron acceptor

38 atp

30 or less atp

2-4 atp

grow b/t -5c and 15c

between 25 - 45c

• optimum b/t 35-40
• aka mesophiles

b/t 45-70c

indifferent to o2, can but dont need

• bad for the cell
• oh- is bad but transient in cells
• cells have enzymes to degrade toxins

live from ph 5-8

live ph below 5.5

live at or above ph 8.5

require high salt levels

population of organisms descended from a single cell

agar plates - from seaweed

his assistant = petri plates

after a bacterial cell has increased in size and doubled all of its parts it divides

the time it takes for a population to double in #

• lag
• exponential
• stationary
• death

cells synthesize macromolecules required for division

cells divide at constant rate

exhaust energy/nutrients # remains constant

cells die off at constant rate

• direct - hemacytometer
• indirect 0 serial dilution

• a-t
• g-c

dna- transcription - rna - translation- protein

causes breaks in dna

• mismatch repair
• SOS repair

can grow with out added growth factors

can grow only w/ added growth factors

DNA is not contained so- cell dies it is released

recipient cells must be competent - able to take up dna

competence is induced by treatment with CaCl2 or an electrical current

• after contact with another cell
• dna is transfered by plasmid or chromosomal dna

plasmid transfered is F (fertility)

• donor cell is the F+ or male
• recipient cell is F- or female

a set of adjacent genes coordinately controlled by a regulatory protein. a single rna message

only 1 base is changed

if a base sub. leads to sub. of a different amino acid

if a base sub. creates a stop codon instead

removal or addition of nucleotides

segments of dna that move spontatneously from one site to another in the same or different DNA molecule

illness caused by/resulting from medical treatment

a cell with a F plasmid integrated into the chromosome

if it excises the plasmid you would call it f' - f prime

transfer of dna from cell to cell via bacteriophage

• can be lytic or lysogenic
• can be generalized or specialized

lytic and lysogenic

• virus overtakes cell
• dna is incorporated
• makes new virus cells to be displaced

virus dna integrates into host dna and remains dormant then becomes lytic

accidentally package only bacterial chrom DNA not viral DNA in capsid

packages both viral dna and bacterial DNA

based on restriction endonucleases in bacteria

prevent cross linking

• penicillin
• cephalosporins
• bacitracin
• vancomycin
• isoniazid

polymyxin B and E

• streptomycin
• tetracycline
• chloramphenicol
• erythromycin

• rifampin - treat TB
• quinolones - cipro

• sulfa drugs
• inhibit folic acid synthesis