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What two "parts" does the Cori cycle consist of?
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
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Where does the Cori cycle take place?
Glycolysis - the conversion of glucose --> pyruvate --> lactate is in the muscle.
Gluconeogenesis - Lactate is transported back to the liver where it is converted back into glucose.
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What substrates are generated in the Cori cycle?
NAD+ is resyntheisized from NADH in the muscle, with the conversio of pyruvate to lactate.
NAD+ is converted to NADH in the liver, with the conversion of lactate to pyruvate.
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When does the Cori cycle require NTP?
It requires 2 NTP with the conversion of glucose to pyruvate in the muscle, and 6 NTP with the conversion of pyruvate to glucose in the liver.
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Where is the main place where gluconeogenesis takes place?
Liver
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Where does glycolysis occur?
Everywhere. Oxygen-independent.
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Where does the TCA cycle occur?
In the matrix of the Mitochondria.
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Does phosphorylation occur in the fed or fasted state?
Fasted
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Does de-phosphorylation occur in the fed or fasted state?
Fed
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What source(s) does glycogenolysis use to produce glucose?
Stored glycogen (glucose carbohydrate reserve)
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What source(s) does gluconeogesis use to make glucose?
Non-carbohydrate sources such as lactate (converted to pyruvate then to glucose)
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What are the essential aa?
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What are the non-essential aa?
- Ala
- Arg
- Asp
- Asn
- Cys
- Glu
- Gln
- GLy
- His
- Pro
- Ser
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What are the ketogenic amino acids?
- leucine
- lysine
- Both are essential aa
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What are the glucogenic and ketogenic aa?
- non-essential: tyrosine
- Essential: ile, phe, trp
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What are the glucogenic aa?
non-essential: ala, arg, asp, asn, cys, glu, gly, gln, his, pro, ser
Essential: met, thr, val
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What is the order of secretion of digestive enzymes in the small intestine?
- Secretin (pancreas) stimulates secretion of:
- Trypsinogen
- Chymotrypsinogen
- Proelastase
- Procarboxypeptidase
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Which enzyme does enteropeptidase convert to its active form?
Trypsin from trypsinogen
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What enzymes does trypsin activate?
- Chymotrypsinogen
- proelastase
- procarboxypeptidase
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What is the function of pepsin?
Enteropepdiase in the stomach. Cleaves proteins into peptones.
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What are the enteropeptidases supplied by the pancreas? What is their function?
- Trypsin
- Chymotrypsin
- Elastase
All are serine proteases, with different specificities and they hydrolyze peptide bonds within chains.
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What are the exopeptidases in the small intestine?
aminopeptidases - remove the amino acid at the N-terminus
Carboxypeptidases - remove the amino acid at the C-terminus.
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Do serine proteases cleave serine residues?
NO!!! They merely have a serine residue in their active site.
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