A&P

to the front of the body (ventral)

external or near the surface of the body/external

on or near the surface of the body/superficial

to the front of the body (anterior)

toward the midline or middle of the body

concerning the palm of the hand (opposite term is dorsal)

nearest the center of the body, origin, point of attachment

higher or toward the head of the body/superior

higher, or above or toward the head/ (cranial)

to the back of the body (dorsal)

within or near the center of the body

to the back of the body/ posterior

toward the side of the body

concerning the sole of the foot (opposite term is dorsal)

farthest from the center of the body, origin, or point of attachment

beneath, or lower or away from the head (caudal)

(coronal plane) divides the body vertically into front and back portions

beneath, or lower or away from the head (inferior)

divides the body vertically into front and back portions (frontal plane)

(medial plane) divides the body vertically into equal right and left portions

the sum of all physical and chemical reactions necessary to sustain life

position where the patient is laying horizontal on the back with face up

position where the body is opposite of supine, so they are laying face down. Hands are palm down

structural composition

function

divides the body horizontally into upper and lower portions

maintain body's internal environment in a state of equilibrium or balance (standing the same).

hemopoiesis (calcium storage) and hematopoiesis (production of blood cells).

• vena cava
• right atrium (oxygen poor blood)
• tricuspid valve
• right ventricle
• pulmonary valve
• lungs (for gas exchange)
• pulmonary veins (only time veins are oxygen rich)
• left atrium
• mitral valve (bicuspid)
• left ventricle
• aorta valve
• aorta
• body systems

blood in circulation

living within the body

living in a tube

surrounds the heart by a thin layer of fluid-filled sac

• endocardium (most internal)
• myocardium
• epicardium (most external layer of the heart)

entrane to the ventricles

one complete contraction and subsequent relaxation of the heart lasts about 0.8 seconds

contracting phase of the cardiac cycle

relaxing phase of the cardiac cycle (heart beat)

where is the cardiac contraction initiated from

an Electrocardiogram is a graphic record of the heart's electrical activity during the cardiac cycle.

• the atrioventricular valve closes because of a systole (ventricular contraction), causing the long, low pitched sound called a lubb.
• the second sound "dupp" comes from the diastole (beginning of the ventricular relaxation) due to the closing of the semilunar valves.

number of heart beats per minute avg adult= 72.

5 liters per minute

irregularity in heart's rate

abnormal sound in heart beat

heart rate less than 60 beats per minute

heart beats over 100 beats per minute

etra heart beats before the normal beat

rapid, uncoordinated contractions of the heart

palpable rhythmic throbbing caused by the alternating expansions and contractions of an artery as a wave of blood passes through the arteries.

force/ pressure or tension exerted by the blood on the walls of blood vessels.

blood pressure cuff measures blood pressure in millimeters of mercury and are read from a manometer that is either a gauge of mercury column

• arteries,
• veines,
• capillaries

carries blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) and picks up oxygen to take back to the heart.

carries blood to the rest of the body, carrying oxygenated blood and nutrients from the left ventricle to the heart to the body cells then returning to the right atrium carrying dioxide and waste

thick walls because the blood that moves through them is under pressure from the contraction of ventricles creating a pulse that can be felt

pulmonary artery

smallest branches of arteries that join with capillaries

aorta

• low in oxygen (except pulmonary artery). Vein walls are thinner than artery walls because there is less pressure. Thin walls collapse more easily.
• blood moves through veins because of skeletal muscle movement, valves prevent the backflow of blood

vena cava

great saphenous veins in the leg

capillaries

normal sequence of blood flow through capillaries

• tunica adventitia (outer layer)
• Tunica media (middle layer of the blood vessel)
• Tunica intima (inner layer)

arteriovenous anastomosis

arterial-portal capillary system

venous-portal capillary system

internal space of a blood vessel through which the blood flows

venous valves are thin membranous leaflets composed to epithelium which is also in the heart

• -antecubital fossa: shallow depression in front of the elbow
• 1) median cubital vein: H-shaped pattern, closer to the surface, typically larger, better anchored, and more stationary

2) Cephalic vein: lateral (toward the outer side of the body). H-shaped pattern. Harder to palpate, fairly well anchored, often the only vein that can be felt in obese patients.

3) Basilic: medial (toward the center of the body in supine position). venous distribution pattern. easy to palpate but not as well anchored and rolls more easily (increasing possible puncture to medial cutaneous nerve or branchial artery which underly this area).

fluid portion of the blood (55% of blood content)

cellular portion of plasma 45%

red blood cells are intravascular (do their job in the blood stream)

iron containing pigment that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide giving it a red color.

immature RBCs that contain remnants of material from nuclear stage. produced in bone marrow and loose nucleus as they mature and enter the blood stream.

WBC's contain their nuclei. do their job extravascular (outside the blood stream)

easily visible granules in white blood cells, and WBC's that lack granules or hard to see granules are called agranulocytes.

WBC's with hard to see or lacking in granules

thrombocytes or platelets essential to coagulation (first on the scene in an injury). 10 day lifespan

when a person receives a blood transfusion of the wrong type antibodies may react with the donor RBC's causing them to clump together.

to homolize or disintegrate

adverse reaction between donor cells and recipient due to incompatible blood type.

• -blood group system (A, B, AB, O)
• -Each accept their own not the other (even O: use to be considered universal donor)
• -AB type accepts both

remaining fluid after fibrin network is formed (clot). Same composition of plasma without the fibrinogens forming the clot.

WBC's and platelets

Plasma, buffy coat, RBC's

arrest or stoppage of bleeding. Body's response to stop blood loss (opposite is hemorrhage).

requires coagulation factors (series of proteins)

• vasoconstriction: reduced vessel diameter
• Amplification: formation of primary platelet plug
• -hemostatic plug is the secondary progression
• fibrinolysis dissolving the clot after healing

converts fibrinogen to soluble fibrin

plays a role in the synthesis or manufacture of many coagulation factors, produces bile salts, and heparin.

hemophilia