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Youth Training
- - Sallis and colleagues defines adolescence as 11-21 years
- - guide lines for training largely based on age range
- - Adolescents should exercise minimum 20 minutes, 3 or more days of the week
- - In younger childeren National Association for Sport and Physcial Education promotes physcial activity at least 30-60 minutes on most or all days of the week
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Physiologic Difference Between Children and Adults
- - peak oxygen uptake
- - submaximal oxygen demand - economy of movement
- - glycolytic enzyme - enzymes used in glycolysis energy pathway
- - sweating rate
- Simialrity in peak oxygen uptake values between children and adults allows for childer to perform endurance related tasks fairly well, enables them to train in Phase 1
- Higher submaximal oxygen demand, combined with lower sweating rate, contritubes to less tolerance to temperatue extremes; vigorious exercise in high temperatures and humidty should be restricted to less than 30 minutes
- Lower glycolytic enzymes decreases their ability to perform higher intensity for long periods of time
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Resistance Training in Youth Populations
- . Resistance training 5-14 year olds, associated with decreased number of common injuries
- . Most common injuires: sprains and strains
- . Simple Movement Assessment
- - 10 body weight squats and 10 push ups
- . On average untrained childern have 30-40% increased strength
- . Resistance training has postive effects on
- - motor skills (jumping and sprinting)
- - body composition
- - bone mineral density
- . Progression into Phase 2 thru 5 should be based on
- - maturity level
- - dynamic postural control (flexibility and stability)
- - advice from physcian
- . Basic Exercise Guidelines for Youth Training
- - study Table 14.2 pg 379
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Seniors
- . Estimated by middle of century number of Americans older than 65 will reach aprox. 70 million
- . Forms of degeneration in older adults
- - osteoporosis
- - arthritis
- - low back pain
- - obesity
- . Prehypertensive Blood Pressure - 135 Hg / 85 Hg
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. As adults age following functions decrease
- - maximum attainable HR
- - cardiac output
- - balance
- - coordination (MS efficiency)
- - connective tissue elasticity
- - bone mineral density
- These degenerative processes can lead to decrease strength and proprioceptive responses
- . Most import functional capacity affected = walking
- . SMR and static static stretching are advised for older adults
- . Stages I and II will be appropriate levels of CR training
- . Basic Exercise Guidelines for Senior
- - study Table 14.4 pg 381
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Obesity � condition of subcutaneous fat exceeding the amount of lean body mass
- - Fastest growing problem in America and most industrialized cultures
- - Approx. 33% of adults and 15% of childern older than 6 are obsese
- - 2/3 of population may be overweight
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Body Mass Index
- - most reliable measure of overweight and obesity
- - BMI = total body wt. (kg) / height (m2)
- - Normal range of BMI = 18.5-24.9
- - 25-29.9 = overweight and 30 = obese
- - 2/3 of Americans have BMI more than 25
- - Medically supervised fasting or surgery reserved for BMI over 40
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Cause of obesity is due to energy balance
- - Adults not involved in exercise lose aprox. 5 lbs of muscle per decade while adding 15 lbs of fat
- - Between ages of 30-80 average person will have 15% decrease in fat free mass (FFM)
- - Body fat not age related
- - Sedenatry people show the daily activity level accounts for more than 75% of the variablity of body fat storage in men
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Obesity and Training
- . Research has shown correlation between weight of person and functional capacity of their gait
- . Effective weight loss, caloric expenditure should be approx. 200-300 kcal per day, minimum output more than 1250 kcal with exercise and increased to 2000 kcal
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Basic Exercise Guidelines for Overweight or Obese
- study Table 14.6 pg 385
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Diabetes � Chronic metabolic disorder caused by insulin deficiency which impairs carbohydrate usage and enhances usage of fat and protein
- - Insulin � hormone secreted by pancreas to help deliver glucose to cells
- - Nearly 6% of Americans has diabetes, with 1 million new cases per year
- - Diabetes is 7th leading cause of death in US
- - People who develop diabetes before the age of 30 are 20 times more likely to die by 40
- 2 forms of Diabetes
- - Type 1 (insulin dependent)
- - Type 2 (adult onset); non insulin dependent; can�t manage their blood glucose levels and require insulin
- - Obesity risk increase with Type 2 diabetes
- . Type 1
- - found in normal younger people,
- - impairs normal glucose management
- - hyperglycemia (high levels of blood sugar)
- - to control, must inject insulin to compensate for what pancreas can not produce
- - hypoglycemia (low blood sugar); can drop during and after exercise
- . Type 2
- - produce adequate amounts of insulin, however their cells are resistant to insulin
- - chronic hyperglycemia associated with damage to kidneys, heart, nerves, eyes and circulatory system
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Hypertension
blood pressure with systloic reading greater than or equal to 140 and diastolic reading greater or equal to 90
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If individuals take medications to control blood pressure they are considered, what regardless of normal pressure readings at rest:
hypertensive
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