-
-
+1 charge
All of family 1, Ag (silver)
-
+2 charge
All of family 2, Zn (zinc)
-
+3
Al (aluminum), Ga (gallium)
-
-
mercury
Hg2+2 (which is called mercury (1)) and Hg+2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Manganese
+2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
-
Intermolecular forces (London dispersion forces, induced dipoles or debye forces, dipole-dipole interactions...)
forces between two molecules
-
London Dispersion forces
caused by correlated movement of electrons
-
Induced dipoles or debye forces
caused by polar molecule coming close to a non-polar molecule and moving the electrons of the NP one
-
Dipole-Dipole interactions
electrostatic interactions of permanent dipole molecules to align to increase attraction
-
intermolecular hydrogen "bonding"
an interaction between a hydrogen and a highly electronegative atom (N, O, F) on another molecule actually bonded to H
-
-
-
-
-
NH4+
ammonium (only possitive polyatomic ion)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
O2-2
peroxide (oxidation number on each oxygen is -1)
-
-
"ite" on a polyatomic ion means
one less oxygen but the same charge
-
"hypo...ite"
one less oxygen than "-ite" but same charge
-
"per...ate"
one more oxygen than "-ate" but same charge
-
"bi-" or "hydrogen..." means
one hydrogen is added to the polyatomic ion and the charge becomes more possitive by one. ie HCO3- (hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate) H2SO4- (hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate)
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Polyatomic elements
H2 Br2 O2 N2 Cl2 I2 F2 (H BrONClIF), P4 S8 (PS)
-
-
Strong acids
ice cream scoop
-
-
HBr
Hydrobromic acid (SA)
-
HCl
hydrochloric acid (SA)
-
HClO4
perchloric acid (SA)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Base
most strong bases contain hydroxide (OH)
-
Strong bases
tetras piece
-
LiOH
lithium hydroxide (SB)
-
NaOH
sodium hydroxide (SB)
-
KOH
potassium hydroxide (SB)
-
Ca(OH)2
Calcium hydroxide (SB)
-
Sr(OH)2
strontium hydroxide (SB)
-
Ba(OH)2
barium hydroxide (SB)
-
Strong bases that dont exist
RbOH, CsOH, FrOH
-
-
-
-
CaCO3
calcium carbonate aka limestone aka chalk aka marble
-
-
-
-
NaHCO3
baking soda aka sodium hydrogen carbonate
-
-
NaOH
lye aka sodium hydroxide
-
-
-
HC2H3O2 (CH3COOH)
vinegar aka acetic acid
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chlorides, bromides, and iodides are always
soluble unless they are with silver, lead, or mercury
-
Sulfate is always
soluble unless with calcium, strontium, barium, lead, or mercury
-
Acetates are
soluble unless they are with iron, aluminum, or mercury
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Zn+2 sln (color)
colorless
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