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Candesartan
- *antihypertensive agent
- *angiotension II receptor antagonist
- *used for mild to moderate hypertension and heart failure
- *DOSE: (hypertension) 8-16mg daily (orally)
- *can cause hypotension, palpitations, headache, dizziness, fatigue
- *Risk of hyperkalemia if given with potassium sparing diuretics/supplements. May take up to 4 weeks to work
- *contraindicated during pregnancy
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Ceftriaxone
- *antibacterial agent
- *broad spectrum antibiotic
- *used when the organisms are not resistant to cefalosporins, such as surgical prophylaxis
- *DOSE: 1-2g IV bolus, IV infusion over 30 mins in equally divided doses (12 hourly) or IM
- *Can cause nausea, vomitting, dyspepsia, abdo pain, diarrhoea, dizziness, headache
- *CHECK ALLERGIES FOR PENICILLIN
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Morphine
- *opioid analgesic
- *main action on CNS and smooth muscle
- *used to relieve moderate - severe pain, especially that associated with neoplastic disease and post op pain
- -DOSE: 5-20mg SC or IM 4-6 hourly
- 2.5-15mg slow IV (4-5 mins diluted in at least 5ml)
- *MAY DEPRESS RESPIRATION - monitor. can also cause nausea, constipation, anorexia, vomitting, dry mouth
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Metoclopramide
- *antiemetic agent
- *prokinetic agent. Controls nausea and vomitting in most cases except motion sickness
- *DOSE: 10mg orally, slow IV or IM 1-3 times daily
- *Causes: nausea, constipation, dizziness, diarrhoea, fatigue, insomnia
- *Should not drive motor vehicle or operate machinery if drowsy or dizzy
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Paracetemol
- *analgesic, antipyretic but not anti inflammatory
- *used for mild to moderate pain
- *DOSE: 0.5-1g orally every 3-4 hours PRN up to 4g daiy
- 1g IV QID
- 0.5-1g rectal suppository 4-6 hourly up to 4g daily
- *Can cause nausea, dyspepsia, allergic or haematological reaction, hepatic necrosis
- *Overdose can cause liver f ailure, do not give IV and oral together
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Enoxaparin
- (Clexane)
- *Anticoagulant
- *Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolosm after surgery or bedridden acutely ill patients
- *DOSE: (high risk) 40mg SC once daily 7-10 days
- (Medium risk) 20mg SC 7-10 days
- *can cause haemorrhage. Should not be given IM. Irritation of SC site, mild pain..
- *injection site is abdomen or upper thigh
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Amlodipine
- *antihypertensive agent
- *Used for chronic angina and mild to moderate hypertension
- *DOSE 2.5-5mg orally daily, up to 10mg if necessary
- *can cause oedema, dizziness, headache, fatigue, flusing, palpitations, nausea
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Frusemide
- *diuretic (loop diuretic)
- *used for mild to moderate hypertension. cardiac, hepatic, renal, cerebral and pulmonary oedema
- DOSE: (oedema) 20-80mg orally daily max dose 400mg/day
- (oedema) 20-40mg IM or slow IV daily
- *Can cause fluid/electrolyte disturbances, hypovolemia, dehydration, headache, dizziness
- *fluid/electrolyte/acid base imbalances should be corrected before treatment
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Atacand Plus
- *same as atacand (cardesartan) but includes the diuretic hydrochlorothizide) and treats both hypertension and oedema.
- *DOSE: 25 - 100mg 1-2 times daily (100mg is max dose)
- *can cause electrolyte disturbances, hypovolaemia, dehydration, dizziness, headache
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Resonium
- (sodium polystyrene sulfonate)
- *Ion exchange resin
- *removes potassium ions from the body by exchanging sodium ions for potessium in the large intestine
- *DOSE: (powder) 15g orally with sufficient water/syrup to make solution
- *can cause nausea, vomitting, diarrhoea, constipation, sodium retention, hypokalemia, hypocalceamia
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Verapamil
- *antihypertensive agent (calcium channel blocker)
- *used for angina and mild to moderate hypertension
- *DOSE: 80mg orally 2-3 times daily.
- (may be given IV in hypertensive crisis 5mg slow IV)
- *can cause headache, dizziness, bradycardia, palpitations, hypotension, nausea
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Carbamazepine
- *antiepileptic
- *stabilises hyperexcited nerve membranes
- DOSE: 100-200mg orally 1-2 times daily
- *can cause drowsiness, headache, ataxia, fatigue, nausea, vomitting, dry mouth etc.
- *women of childbearing age must be counselled, as there is risk to the fetus
- *elderly patients may becoming confused/agitated, so must be closely supervised
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penicillin
- *antibacterial agent
- *used when organisms are not resistant to penicillins eg. resp. tract infection or STI's
- *can cause nausea, rash, dermatitis, anaemia, diarrhoea, vomitting, superinfection risk
- *careful history to be taken to avoid allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)
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adrenaline
- *sympathomimetic agent
- *cardiac stimulant causing increased heart rate, output, contractility and BP
- *used for eart block, cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis etc.
- *DOSE: (anaphylaxis) 100-500micrograms SC or IM. (SC dose may be repeated every 20mins - 4 hour intervals if required)
- (CPR) 1mg IV repeated every 3-5mins during CPR
- *can cause tachycardia, palpitations, ventricular fibrillation, arrhythmias, hypertension, chest pain
- *not recommended with agents that sensitise the heart to arrhythmias such as digoxin
- *electrolyte and oxygen imbalances should be corrected before treatment starts
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Isophane
- *antidiabetic agent
- *used for diabetes to treat hyperglycemia
- *DOSE: is individual. available in 100units/ml pens, cartridges and vials.
- *intermediate acting
- *can cause hypoglycaemia, oedema,
- Given SC
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Aspart
- *antidiabetic agent
- (novorapid)
- *used for diabetes to treat hyperglyceamia
- *short acting
- *DOSE: is individual. comes in 100units/ml pen, cartridge and vials.
- *Cause hypoglycaemia, oedema
- *can be given SC, IV or IM
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Sulfonylureas
- *antidiabetic agents/oral hypoglycemic agent
- *stimulate insulin release from functioning pancreatic cells
- *used for pt's with type 2 diabetes unresponsive to diet alone and in whom insulin is unneccesary
- *can cause hypoglycaemia, nausea, vomitting, constipation, diarrhoea
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Biguanides
- *antidiabetic agent/hypoglycemic agent
- *increases insulin sensitivity, requires insulin to be present to have an effect
- *used for type 2 diabetics unresponsive to diet who dont need insulin
- *DOSE: 500mg orally 1-2 times daily with meals
- *can cause diarrhoea, nausesa, vomitting, metallic taste
- *regular monitoring of renal, hepatic and cardiovascular function is recommended
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Meglitinides
- *antidiabetic/hypoglycaemic agent
- *stimulates pancreatic insulin secretion by binding to receptor sites
- *used in type 2 diabetics
- *DOSE: 0.6mg orally tds.
- *can cause hypoglycaemia, nausea, diarrohoea, constipation, abdo pain
- *take medication before food. BGL's should be monitored closely
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Thiazolidinedioines
- *antidiabetic/hypoglyceamic agent
- *improve insulin sensitivity in the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, requires insulin to be present to be effective
- *used in type 2 diabetics
- *can cause increased bone fractures in women, hypoglycaemia, oedema, weight gain.
- *liver function tests should be monitored every 2nd month for first year
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Hartmanns
- *Hartmann's IV Infusion is used to replace body fluid and mineral saltsthat may be lost for a variety ofmedical reasons. Hartmann's IVInfusion is especially suitable whenthe losses result in too much acidbeing present in the blood.
- *can cause oedema, nausea, vomitting, dizziness, headache
- * its a crystalloid
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Azathioprine
- *immunomodifier
- *immune response suppresion, used for organ transpants, and chronic autoimmune disease
- *5mg/kg orally or IV daily
- *can cause hypersensitivity reaction, headache, dizziness, fever, skin rash
- *should limit direct sunlight exposure
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Cyclosporin
- *immunomodifier
- *immunosuppresent agent used in the prevention of graft versus host disease in organ transplant
- *DOSE: 10-15mg/kg orally or 3-5mg/kg/day IV infusion
- *care should be taken during IV administration as solution is highly irritating
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0.9% NaCl
- Normal saline
- *isotonic volume expander
- *used for fluid and electrolyte replenishment
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