BIOS 220 Final

• 1. Captive Breeding
• 2. Re-introduction
• 3. Augmentation
• 4. Introduction

breeding of species in confinement

• 1. preservation
• 2. Re-establishment into the wild
• 3. biological research

releasing captive-bred or wild caught species into an area of their historic range

releasing captive-bred or wild caught individuals into existing populations to increase its size and gene pool

releasing captive-bred or wild caught individuals into an area outside of their historic range

• 1. small population size
• 2. expensive
• 3. space and facilites needed
• 4. social behavior different
• 5. original causes of delcline must be considered

keeps genealogical information of species

• 1. studbooks
• 2. routine exchange among zoos

International Union of Conservation of Nature

• 1. facing the extinction crisis
• 2. ecosystem integrity
• 3. Red List- database of status of species

an international agreement aimed to ensure that international trade in animals and plants does not threaten their survival

• 1. food
• 2. exotic leathers
• 3. wooden musical intruments
• 4. timber
• 5. tourist curios
• 6. medicines

species that are the most endangered

species that are close to being threatened, trade must be controlled

species included at the request of a party that already regulates trade in the species and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation

number of productive acres needed to maintain a given lifestyle

a measurement of all greenhouse gases we individually produce

state at which a stable relationship exists between the human population and capacity of the biosphere to provide resources and process wastes

the use of land and water to sustain production indefinately without environmental deterioration, without the loss of native biodiversity

• 1. use materials in continous cycles
• 2. use continously reliable sources of energy

processes that remove carbon from the atmosphere

• 1. using materials that are non-renewable
• 2. using renewable resources too rapidly that they don't have time to replenish
• 3. anything that causes continual degradation of the environment

gases that trap some of the outgoing energy, retaining heat somewhat like glass panels of a greenhouse

• water vapor
• carbon dioxide
• methane
• nitrous oxide
• ozone

when solid waste, fossil fuels and wood products are burned

• 1. during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil
• 2. the decomposition of organic wastes in municipal solid waste landfills
• 3. the rasing of livestock

• 1. during agricultural and industrial activities
• 2. during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels

• 1. hydrofluorocarbons HFCs
• 2. perfluorocarbons PFCs
• 3. sulfur hexafluoride SF6

• industrial production
• transporation
• increased agriculture
• deforestation
• landfills
• mining

makes it a federal crime for any person to import or export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, possess, or purchase fish, wildlife or plants obtained illegally

ensures that environmental factors are given the same consideration as other factors in decision making by federal agencies

prevent further endangerment, designation of critical habitat and endangerment status

specific geographic areas considered essential for the conservation of a threatened or endangered species

a formal process of publishing a proposed federal regulation in the Federal Register and establishing a comment period for public input

those determined to be in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of their range

those likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future

plants and animals that have been studied and the Service (FWS) has concluded that they should be proposed for addition to species list

non-native to the ecosystem; introduction of this species causes economic or environmental harm or harm to human health

• 1. ornamentals
• 2. food source/agriculture
• 3. biotic control
• 4. pet or fur trade
• 5. recreation (hunting and fishing)
• 6. accidental

the cutting down, burning, and damaging of forests

• 1. erosion and sedimentation
• 2. loss of habitat and species
• 3. increases the amount of carbon dioxide released into the air
• 4. increase in temperature

original rain forest trees are left to provide shade for shade-loving crops like coffee or chocolate; when the farm is abandoned the forest grows back quickly

Agricultural development

half

an agreement among the industrialized nations to reduce the overall emissions of greenhouse gases by 5-7%

World's first and N. America's only voluntary, legally binding rules-based greenhouse gas emission reduction and trading system

• 1. solar
• 2. wind
• 3. biodiesel
• 4. hydropower and geothermal power

the breakdown of habitat into small patches that are too small to support populations

results in spatial variation in habitat quality in which species are distributed as small, local populations

caused by natural disturbances; increases diversity of habitats and species in an area

in artificial conditions

within the natural habitat

land set aside and protected or managed for the primary purpose of conservation of one or more species of plants and animals

a naturally existing or restored native linear landscape feature that connects two or more larger tracts of essentially similar habitat and functions as either a movement route of individuals or and avenue of gene-flow among native fauna and flora

protect land through donation and purchase by working with landowners who wish to donate or sell conservation easements

a legal agreement that permanently restricts the development and use of land to ensure protection of its conservation values

• evaporation will increase in warmer climates
• increase in average precipitation
• glaciers shrinkage
• sea level rise
• earlier spring arrival

• maintain genetic diversity and evolutionary adaptations
• ensures target species and interlinked species are preserved
• cheaper than ex-situ

• set aside land and protect it
• attempt to soften the effects of human use

• protect entire communities and ecosystems
• protect more environments
• minimize edge effects
• meet the needs of wide-ranging or top predator species
• perserve genetic diversity

• might hold more species under some conditions
• stepping stones between larger reserves
• species with modest space needs
• developed areas
• habitat hetergeneity
• capture many different hatitats
• preserve genetic diversity if migration is possible

closer

larger; smaller

• ecosystems are not conservable in isolation
• ecosystems are dynamic
• reserves will not maintain themselves
• reserves will experience disturbance and will change

• Small popluation size
• expensive
• space and facilities needed
• social behaviors are different
• original causes of decline must be addressed

• drying from winds
• increased human access to hunting
• edge zones drier and less shady
• changes in temperature and water regimes

• spp with narrow geographic range or specialized habitat requirements
• spp w/low pop densities
• poor dispersers
• spp with low fecundity
• spp with short life cycles
• ground nesters
• interior spp
• spp vulnerable to human exploitation

• fewer species
• different species
• loss of endemics
• more weedy or edge species
• simpler habitats
• more edge