-
Phonemes are classified as....
- Vowels (and dipthongs)
- Consonants
-
There are____consonants in English
25
-
Consonants are classified by 3 main features:
-
PLACE is a _____ in the vocal tract
contriction
-
Place involves the....?
(moveable and fixed articulators)
- Tongue, Lips, velum, mandible (moveable)
- Teeth, hard palate, alveolar ridge (fixed)
-
Bilabial (place descriptors)
Bring the lips together (both lips are involved)
-
Labiodental (place descriptors)
Lips AND teeth are involved in making sound
-
Linguadental (place descriptors)
Teeth AND tongue are involved in making sounds
-
*Lingua-alveolar (place descriptors)
Tongue and point of constriction (alevolar ridge)
-
Linguapalatal (place descriptors)
Flat part of tongue and hard pallet are involved
-
*Linguavelar (place descriptors)
BACK of tongue and velum
-
Glottal (place descriptors)
One phoneme "H"
-
Manner is....
The way in which the valves of the vocal tract constrict the airway
-
Stop (plosive) (manner descriptor)
Complete blockage of airstream then a quick release.
-
Fricative (manner descrip)
- Severe constriction of the articulators through which the air passes
- (air continues)
-
Affricate (manner descrip)
- phoneme begins like a stop and ends like a fricative
- ex: "ch" asin chair J'" as in juice
-
Nasal (manner descrip)
- Air flows through nasal cavity because velopharyngeal port is open and also air flows into the mouth
- ex: m, n, ng
-
Lateral (manner develp)
- Air is released on both sides of the tongue
- aka as a liquid
-
Rhotic (manner develop)
- Air exits the mouth with the tongue in either a bunched or turned-back position.
- aka as a liquid
-
Glides (manner develp)
- Produced by gradually changing the shape of the articulators
- A sound "glides" into another.
- ie" wine, yes (w, y)
-
Voice
- A consonant is either voiced or voiceless
- A sounds either uses laryngeal vibration or it doesn't
-
___% of the consonants are voiced or voiceless
60
-
Resonant phonemes...
- response occurs in the entire vocal tract
- includes nasals, liquids, and glides
-
Nonresonant phonemes..
- resonance occurs in a more limited area of vocal tract (oral)
- includes stops, fricatives, affricates
-
Description for /m/ would be...
voiced, bilabial, nasal
-
The description for /s/ would be...
voiceless, lingua-alveolar, fricative
-
PLACE of constriction in the vocal tract
- Front, central, back
- (where the tongue is)
-
DEGREE of constriction within the vocal tract
- High, mid, low
- (where tongue is)
-
Degree of lip rounding only pertains to...
high and mid back vowels
-
Dipthongs
- A blend of 2 vowels within the same syllable
- ex: fail, foil
-
Articulation
- The MOTOR act of producing a phoneme, requires neuromuscular coordination between the nervous system and the articulators
- (tongue, lips, etc)
-
Phonology
- A knowledge of the sounds of the language and the rules that govern their production and combination (more rule based)
- ex: child tried to say cup and says cu
-
Customary production: (sanders)
point at which 50% of children used a sound correctly in two out of 3 word positions
-
Upper or outside limit of normalcy: (sanders)
90% of the children used each sound correctly in all 3 word positions
-
SODA (traditional analysis of disordered phonology/articulation)
- Substitutions
- Omission
- Distortions
- Addition
-
Substitutions
replacing one sound with another sound. The substitution usually approximates the sound it replaces
-
Omission
- Sounds omitted from a word
- Usually a words final sound
-
Distortions
- Imprecise production of airstream in some way.
- ex: lisps. son...thon
-
Addition
- Inappropiate insertion of a sound within a word
- ex: black.....balack
-
Phonological Process
- 1.Serve to simplify the phonological system
- 2.They are NOT random errors
- 3. The use of processes is considered normal
- ie: cu for cup and pane for plane
-
Phonological processes have been applied to...
the speech patterns of older children w/delayed phonological development.
-
Developmental Impairment
- Idiopathic/functional
- Sound system is usually delayed, immature
- ex: 8 yr old uses 3 yr olds speech
-
Language-Learning Disabilities
There is a high percent of language impairment in children who have a phonological disorder (60%)
-
Hearing Disorders
- Children with a history of otitis media are more likely to have a/p disorders
- Deaf speech has a distinct pattern (voicing and vowel errors)
-
Dysarthrias
- (motor speech dis)
- Due to neuromuscular impairment (stroke, tumor)
- can affect articulation, respiration, phonation, resonance(velum), swallowing)
- paralysis/paresis
- Results: imprecise articulatory movements
-
Developmental Apraxia of Speech (DAS)
Apraxia is the impairment in PROGRAMMING the speech mechanism to select, plan, organize, and initiate a motor pattern
-
DAS info:
- DAS is more controversial
- Damage likely to Broca's area
- Etiology is neurological, not from trauma
-
Cleft Palate
- Articulation errors due to structural deviations of palate, velum, lip, alveolar ridge
- more difficulty with "pressure" sounds such as stops and fricatives
- voice may be affected
- Nasal sounds are easy for them
-
Dental Abnormalities
- Malocclusions - upper and lower teeth arent aligned properly
- Teeth missing
-
Tongue abnormalities
- Lingual frenum too short - band under tongue
- -Ankyloglossia, tongue tie
- Size
- Microglossia(too large) Macroglossia(too small)
- Removal
- Glossectomy
-
A child has an artic/phono disorder if...
- The error sound occurs frequently
- The sound on which an error is produced correctly by chil the same age
- The error sound is NOT found in the phoneme system of that persons dialect
-
Intellectual capacity (cognition)
Learning, perceiving, understanding, concept processing, appropriate responding
-
Sensory-perceptual capacities
- Audition, tactile experiences, vision
- Perception involves discrimination, retention, retrieval
-
Linguistic capacity
- Innate capacity to learn language
- (born with it)
-
Neurological capacity
Child has nervous system which is capable of allowing nurturing sociocommunicative interaction
-
All these capacities are dependent upon the________.
Linguistic Enviroment
-
Communication begins at....
- BIRTH
- Birth cry
- Eye gaze
- Random movements
-
Prelinguistic/Preverbal stage last from birth to about the ______ when ______ words appear
-
Communication occurs reciprocally between.....
caregiver/parent and newborn
-
How do parents establish this early from of communication?
Touching and talking to your child
-
Much of the early communication is _______on the part of the infant but it gradually emerges as _____ over time
-
In the PERLOCUTIONARY stage of development, Bonding or attachment is what?
First few months are spent attaching to parents, going through rituals such as turn-taking, action/gaze.
-
Laughter emerges when?
3-4 months
-
Gooing and cooing occurs when? and what does it signal?
- 2-3 months
- signals discomfort, pain and pleasure
-
In a 3 month, the myelin sheath developments how?
- Front to back of mouth (myelinization)
- The muscles of the oral cavity are better controlled
-
Infants produce sounds from every language, but the produce sounds from their own language when?
more frequently
-
ILLOCUTIONARY stage of development is from _____ to ____
- 6-12 months ( no true words yet)
- modes for expression continue to be gestural and vocal
-
Intentionality
Child uses grasping or reaching to gain attention, then pairs it with vocalization until finally the child can use true words
-
Reduplicated babbling occurs at what age?
-
at 6-7 months the child produces what? and ____babies reduce their vocal play at this time.
- reconizable vowels and consonants
- Deaf
-
first word usually appears at what age?
(echolalic stage)
8-12 months (the first birthday)
-
Nelson says that the____month is average for a babies first word.
and the range is ___ to ___months
-
Locutionary stage...
- child is using conventional verbalizations to signal attention (first with then w/o gestures)
- (gestures go away and words stay)
-
By 18 months (toddler) they have a ____word range
50
-
the 14 grammatical morphemes are used around ______(age)
18-24 months....till 4-5 years
-
MLU is calculated by...
Adding the total # of morphemes and dividing by the total number of utterances
-
by 24 months, the child uses ___ to___words.
200-300
-
2-3 years of age, the child begins to...
- change topic
- begins code switching
- can follow commands
-
at 2-3 years of age, the childs expressive vocab is_______words.
1500-1600 words
-
At 5 years of age...
- can understand 3-part command
- understands concepts(time, present, future)
- can tell novel
-
At 5 years of age the childs expressive vocab is around_____words.
2100-2200
-
Language Impairment
inability to understand or speak the language code as well as same age-peers.
-
What may be affected in language impairment?
-
-
Syntax
- I want more juice
- I'm going for a ride
-
Content
- Slow vocab growth
- Word finding problems
- talks about concrete things, not abstract
- ex: all small children are babies
- -All four legged animals are dogs
-
USE
- Difficulty staying on topic
- May have a hard time initiating a convo
- may interrupt
- can't code switch
-
These language disorders can be...
- expressive
- Receptive
- OR
- both
-
Determining language delay....3 "ages"...
- Chronological age
- Mental age
- Language age
-
With normal children ___=_____=____
CA=MA=LA
-
But with Language impairment children....____=_____
- CA=MA but CA and MA are NOT equal to LA
- (LA doesn't meet requirements)
-
A child with mental retardation....
LA and MA are less than CA
-
a child with an IQ below 70 is considered what?
mentally retarded
-
Mental retardation's onset is before age____.
18
-
____% of the pop is mentally retarded
2.5
-
Causes of mental retardation
- Down syndrome
- Fragile X
- Neonatal distress
- Postnatal infections
- maternal infections during pregnancy
-
Down syndrome is also known as....
-
Fragile X is...
- Inherited
- most common in males
-
Neonatal distress
- anoxia, at birth (w/o oxygen)
- sometimes cord is wrapped around baby
-
Postnatal infections
- meningitis
- can happen at any age, but young is critical
-
Maternal infections during pregnancy
- Rubella
- chicken pox
- toxins and chemical
- brain diseases
-
__-____% of children with LD have an associated language disability
75-85
-
Other typical LD problems are...
Short attention span, distractability, poor memory, difficulty learning, lack of motor coordination
-
To have LD means you must be...
School age
-
more ___than ____are affected
-
ADD or ADHD is characterized by ______and ____with some children experiencing hyperactivity, child is highly distractable (can't screen out important stimuli)
-
ADHD or ADD kids may have _____problems and may also have a _____ disability
-
Their language disabilities are usually in the area of______
Pragmatics
-
Child may be managed ______ and behaviorally.
Medically
-
Most common medication for ADHD and ADD is...
Ritalin
-
Idiopathic (SLI)
There is no known cause for the LD
-
Idiopathics are are at high risk for______
experiencing Academic Failure
-
Interaction abilities and _______skills may seem socially inappropriate.
Pragmatic
-
Uneven and ______ pattern of linguistic development
Slow
-
There are no sensory, intecllectual, motor , or social emotional deficits in...
idiopathics
-
Profound emotional and behavioral disorder is known as....
- persuasive development disorder (PDD)
- Unknown etiology
-
Milder end of the spectrum is..
asberger's syndrome
-
for many years autism was rare: ____children per 10,000 live births
5
-
The rate of autism has increased with figures as high as ____ per 10,000
60
-
Boys out number girls ____ to ____
4 to 1
-
one in every ____are diagnosed with autism
150
-
between 25-60% of individuals with autism remain _______ throughout their life
nonspeaking
-
The behaviors for autism must have been present before____ months
36
-
TBI
Traumatic brain injury
-
_____deficits include difficulties in perception, memory, reasoning, and problem solving.
Cognitive
-
Socioenviromental factors
-
____% of alcohol.drug exposed children may show communication disorders
80
-
Fetal exposure to crack cocaine
Symptoms seem to be hyperactivity, impulsivity, and learning and memory problems
-
select goals based on ______report
Diagnostic
-
Begin working with ______ language deficits, if any and move toward _____ language deficits
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