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What is the purpose of bile salts? Where are they synthesized? Where are they secreted from?
- To mix with intestinal lipids to make them water soluble
- Synthesized in the Liver
- Secreted from Gallbladder
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Where is lipase & phospholipaseA2 secreted from?
Pancreas - these mix with bile salt / lipid mix to prepare them to be absorbed by Intestinal walls; this mix becomes triacylglycerols
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Where are chylomicrons found?
- Small Intestine - they are the "foamy part of detergent"
- Chylomicrons are also known as apolipoproteins
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Once apolipoproteins are made, where do they go?
- Into the Lymph System where it travels to other parts of the body as storage or to create energy through oxidation
- The release through the Lymph System limits the rate this material is released into the blood (a protection system)
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What is the function of lipoproteins?
They transport fat and cholesterol in the blood
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What determines the whether lipoprotiens are called HDL / LDL / etc?
- The protein density
- HDL's have high protein density
- LDL's have low protein density
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Chylomicrons are majors carriers of what?
Triglycerides
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What is the difference between cholesterol and cholesterol esters?
Cholesterol esters are more hydrophobic (non water soluble)
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What transports ingested fat from intestinal walls to adipose and liver?
Chylomicrons
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Where is VLDL made? What is its purpose?
- VLDL is made in the Liver
- Its function is to transport fat to other tissues (such as adipocytes)
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Which lipoprotein contains the major source of cholesterol?
LDL
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What does cholesterol used for?
- Making cell membranes, cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, aldosterone, etc
- LDL's are only considered "bad" in large quantities which lead to atherosclerosis (hardening of vessels and build-up of obstruction in the vessels leading to heart disease and stroke
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What is the purpose of HDL's? Where is it produced?
- Transport / gather cholesterol from peripheral tissue back to the Liver where it is used and excreted as bile
- It is produced by the Liver and enterocytes
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If you have a genetic disorder or enzyme disorder, what are these disorders due to?
Protein disorder
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What is the difference between acquired hyperlipoproteinemia and and genetic hyperlipoproteinemia?
- Acquired - non familial
- Genetic - familial
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What is the pathway of Triglycerides?
Acyl CoA
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What is the pathway of Cholesterol?
Acetyl CoA
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What inhibits HMG-CoA reductase?
Statins
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What is the central intermediate in lipid metabolism?
Acetyl CoA
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What is the most dominate protein the the blood stream?
Albumins - it is also a water soluble protein that transports fatty acids
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This is the key enzyme for causing fatty acid release from adipocytes?
Hormone-sensitive Lipase
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This transports fatty acids into the mitochondria during the breakdown of lipids for the generation of metabolic energy
Carnitine (like a boat)
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This enzyme stimulates reverse cholesterol transport from tissues that have excessive amounts of cholesterol into HDL molecules.
Lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT)
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What is this condition called when you have an increase in lipoproteins concentration in the blood?
Hyperlipoproteinemia
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What is this condition when you have large amounts of chylomicrons and triglycerides in the the plasma for a normal diet?
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I
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What condition is this when one has increased plasma levels of β-lipoproteins and cholesterol as well as elevated LDL but normal triglycerides?
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IIA
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What condition is this when one has increased plasma levels of β-lipoproteins and cholesterol as well as elevated LDL, cholesterol and triglycerides?
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IIB
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What is the difference between Homozygous and Heterozygous Hyperlipoproteinemia?
- Homzygous - severe lipid changes, with manifestations on the body (xanthomatosis, xanthelesma, corneal arcus, atherosclerosis)
- Heterozygous - mild lipid changes
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The process of removing amine groups from molecules due to excess protein intake
Deamination
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The process of muscle cells using amino acids as an energy source while eliminating nitrogen
Glucose / Alanine Cycle
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What is the purpose of the Alanine Cycle?
- Shuttle to Liver to make glucose
- Recycles carbon skeletons to between Muscle and Liver
- Transports NH4+ to Liver and is converted to urea (where expelled)
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A sequence of DNA that has been altered or mutated from its original form
Oncogene
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Responsible for normal cell growth and proliferation. However, subtle changes can alter their ability to function normally thereby activating their cancer-causing potential
Proto-oncogene
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What is the name of the group of enzymes invovled in the detoxification process of Phase I?
Cytochrome P450 family
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What does Phase II detoxification typically involve to neutralize toxins and reactivate intermediates left over from Phase I?
Biochemical conjugation
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A significant pathway in the Phase II detoxification mechanism. It combines glucuronic acid with toxins.
Glucuronidation
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This is excreted from bile. It is responsible for the yellow color of bruises and yellow discoloration in jaundice.
Bilirubin
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When RBC's get old or damages, what system gets rid of them?
Spleen
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Is unconjugated bilirubin water soluble?
No - it is bound to albumin and sent to the liver where it gets conjugated
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Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia can lead to accumulation of bilirubin in certain brain regions in new-born babies is know as?
Kernicterus
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Period when ingested nutrients are entering the blood from the GI tract
Absorptive State
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Period when the GI Tract is empty of nutrients and energy must be supplied from the stores in the body
Postabsorptive State
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Going without food for 24 hours
Fasting
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The catabolism of triaclglycerols yields glycerol and fatty acids. This occurs mainly in adipose tissue and the released glycerol is converted into glucose in the liver.
Lipolysis
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The utilization of fat instead of glucose
Glucose Sparing
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