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PSA
prostate specific antigen (prostate carcinoma)
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a-fetoprotien
Heptaocellular carcinoma
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Alkaline phosphatase
metastatese to bone, biliary disease, paget's disease
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Viral Carcinogens - 3 ways to implement
- 1. Integration of DNA
- 2. Transduction - acute RNA
- 3. Insertion - Slow transform RNA
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Transformation of Proto-oncogenese -> Oncogene
- 1. Point mutation
- 2. Gene amplification
- 3. Chromosomal rearrangement
- 4. Insertion of viral oncogene
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Chemical carcinogens
- - Absorbed as a procarcinogen (inactivated)
- - act in order
- 1. Initiation
- 2. Promotion
- 3. Conversion
- 4. Progression
- 5. Clonal expansion
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Oncogenes and associated Tumor
c-myc - Burkitt's lymphoma
ret - multiple endocrine neoplasia
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Tumor suppressor genes
p53 - breast and colon cancer
Rb-1 - retinoblastoma
D_C - deleted in _ cancer (DPC = pancreatic cancer, DCC = colon cancer)
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Psammoma Bodies
Calcification of tumor thrombi and Papillar tips
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hemoptysis
hemorage respiratory tract
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hematemesis
vomiting blood
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hematochezia
anorectal bleeding
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melena
black blood in stool (upper GI)
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metrorrhagia
bleeding not related to norma menses
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menorrhagia
profound menstral bleeding
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skin hemmorage
petechia, purpura, ecchymosis(bruising)
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Edema factors
- 1.increase hydrostatic pressure (hypertension, heart failure, kidney disease)
- 2. inc. wall permeability (inflamatory)
- 3. decre. oncotic pressure
- 4. lymphatic obstruction
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cardiogenic shock
pump failure of heart
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hypovolemic shock
fluid loss from circulation
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hypotensive shock
peripheral vascular tone loss
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Clinical stages of shock:
1. Early
- tachycardia
- vasoconstriction of arterioles
- reduced urine production
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Clinical stages of shock:
decompensated but reversible
- hypotension
- tachypnena and dyspnea
- ooliguria
- metabolic acidosis
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Clinical stages of shock:
Ireversible shock
- circulatory collapse
- marked hypperfusion of vital organs
- loss of vital functions
- death
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Human oncogenes
gene when mutated or expressed at high levels turn a normal cell into a tumor cell
proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can -> oncogene due to mutations or increased expression
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complement system fxns
- 1. opsonization - phagocytosis
- 2. anaphylaxis - histamine release
- 3. chemotaxis - migration of leukocytes
- 4. cell lysis - mac
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Arachodonic acid
- lipoxygenase
- leukotriene - vascular permeability
- lipoxin - vasodilation
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arachidonic acid
cyclooxygenase
- prostaglandin - smooth msl contraction
- prostacyclin - opposes thromboxane
- thromboxane - platelet aggregation
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