Path test 1

prostate specific antigen (prostate carcinoma)

Heptaocellular carcinoma

metastatese to bone, biliary disease, paget's disease

• 1. Integration of DNA
• 2. Transduction - acute RNA
• 3. Insertion - Slow transform RNA

• 1. Point mutation
• 2. Gene amplification
• 3. Chromosomal rearrangement
• 4. Insertion of viral oncogene

• - Absorbed as a procarcinogen (inactivated)
• - act in order
• 1. Initiation
• 2. Promotion
• 3. Conversion
• 4. Progression
• 5. Clonal expansion

c-myc - Burkitt's lymphoma

ret - multiple endocrine neoplasia

p53 - breast and colon cancer

Rb-1 - retinoblastoma

D_C - deleted in _ cancer (DPC = pancreatic cancer, DCC = colon cancer)

Calcification of tumor thrombi and Papillar tips

hemorage respiratory tract

nose bleed

vomiting blood

blood in urine

anorectal bleeding

black blood in stool (upper GI)

bleeding not related to norma menses

profound menstral bleeding

petechia, purpura, ecchymosis(bruising)

• 1.increase hydrostatic pressure (hypertension, heart failure, kidney disease)
• 2. inc. wall permeability (inflamatory)
• 3. decre. oncotic pressure
• 4. lymphatic obstruction

pump failure of heart

fluid loss from circulation

peripheral vascular tone loss

• tachycardia
• vasoconstriction of arterioles
• reduced urine production

• hypotension
• tachypnena and dyspnea
• ooliguria
• metabolic acidosis

• circulatory collapse
• marked hypperfusion of vital organs
• loss of vital functions
• death

gene when mutated or expressed at high levels turn a normal cell into a tumor cell

proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can -> oncogene due to mutations or increased expression

• 1. opsonization - phagocytosis
• 2. anaphylaxis - histamine release
• 3. chemotaxis - migration of leukocytes
• 4. cell lysis - mac

• leukotriene - vascular permeability
• lipoxin - vasodilation

• prostaglandin - smooth msl contraction
• prostacyclin - opposes thromboxane
• thromboxane - platelet aggregation