European History

Last Tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rusputin

Last Tsarist of Russia, had a son who was a hemophiliac, and was put under the influence of Rasputin, where he exploited her. Ended up causing the collapse of the Tsars

a Siberian preacher who became friends of the Tsars, but hated by the public, twisted and cheated and exploited Alexandra.

An agrarian socialist who became prime minister. He refused to confiscate land holdings and felt that continuation of war was most important.

Lieutenant General of the Imperial Russian Army and foremost general for the White Russians in the Russian civil war.

opponent of Tsarist Russia, began to immerse himself in Marxian socialist ideas as a law student. He then went on to form the Bolsheviks, and tried to start a revolution in July 1917. It failed, he went into hiding, but regrouped in Petrograd, where he and his partner Trotsky gained power. He then moved on government buildings, and was declared the head of the new Bolshevik government.

Supporter of Lenin who helped in the takeover of Petrograd and the Bolshevik revolution

Bolshevik revolutionary and political and intellectual thinker for Stalin. Supported the NEP

Dictator of Russia, named man of steel. Was of lowly backgrounds but rose to power. Only in it for himself. Created 5 year plans.

A Political opponent of Stalin's who was executed for being more popular that Stalin

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

King of Italy who gave Mussolini legitimacy as dictator

The German chancellor during the Weimar Republic who convinced the president to accept rule by decree

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust

Mayor of Vienna whom Hitler idolized

A Nazi politician and president of the Reichstag

Deputy to Hitler in the Nazi party person who dictated Mein Kampf

Chief minister of the Nazi propaganda, and organizer of Kristallnacht

President of the Weimar Republic of Germany who appointed Hitler Chancellor in 1933

Chancellor of Germany who succeeded Bruning

Inhumane and cruel leader of the SS in Germany, appointed by Hitler

Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement

Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini

served as the Prime Minister and dictator of Portugal from 1932 to 1968. He founded and led the Estado Novo ("New State"), the authoritarian, right-wing government that presided over and controlled Portugal from 1932 to 1974.

was the authoritarian ruler of the Second Polish Republic. From mid-World War I he was a major influence in Poland's politics, and an important figure on the broader European political scene. He is considered largely responsible for Poland regaining independence in 1918, after a hundred and twenty-three years of partitions

was a Hungarian Communist politician who ruled Hungary as leader of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919

was a French philosopher and historian who wrote Era of Tyrannies, which talked about the different kinds of government and how they all stemmed out of nature of modern war.

French leader of the Vichy republic of France, which was essentially Nazi France. He is seen as a traitor to his people by some Frenchman.

These were the reasons of bad leadership, and lack of organized or effective army

Russia's lower house of politics

He used her to gain politically and to gain money for sex and drugs. He was then "assassinated" aka tried to be killed something like 8 times, then thrown in a river.

He used her to gain politically and to gain money for sex and drugs. He was then "assassinated" aka tried to be killed something like 8 times, then thrown in a river.

the political party with whom the Provisional Government had to share power with

Given by the Provisional Government, this stripped the army officers of power, and placed it in hand of elected committees. This collapsed army discipline

The two rival communists groups. One weree true revolutionary Marxists, and the other were revisionist socialists.

Replaces the Provisional Government with Lenin's forces

Document that announced the withdrawal of Russia from WWI

The opposition to the Bolsheviks and the Red army after the October rebellion and the Russian Revolution

Three reasons anarchy was about and any person could create power; the Bolsheviks had better leaders; the Bolsheviks appealed to many workers

The political idea that applied the total war concept on a civil conflict

The old Tsarist secret police

is a concept used to describe political systems whereby a state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private life. These regimes or movements maintain themselves in political power by means of an official all-embracing ideology and propaganda disseminated through the state-controlled mass media, a single party that controls the state, personality cults, control over the economy, regulation and restriction of free discussion and criticism, the use of mass surveillance, and widespread use of state terrorism. These states always have to be at war with something

Traditional form of antidemocratic government

leaders who violently rejected parliamentary restraint and liberal values, as well as exercised unprecedented control over masses and sought to mobilize them for war.

Unsuccessful uprising of sailors, soldiers, and civilians against Russian government (against Bolsheviks)

Lenin's economy reform that re-established economic freedom in an attempt to build agriculture and industry

He was totally focused on himself, double and tripled crossed, rose by gaining support of party

Objectives were to increase industrial output by 250% and agriculture output by 150% and have 1/5 of Russian peasants on collective farms. The methods were forced farming and scare tactics like gulags. The success was that of industry, which produced 4 times as much as before

Life was hard, there was no improvement in the average standard of living, but unemployment was unknown and communism had real appeal

Putting smaller farms together into one large farm so as to increase productivity

The well off peasants who were starved or shipped to the gulags

The forced famine of Ukraine by Stalin over not producing enough grain

The acceptance of Stalin though propaganda

Stalin's mass systemic murder of millions to instill fear and to have someone to fight against

Idea that the Soviet Union had the ability to build socialism on its own

They were given more rights and had complete equality of rights

was an international Communist organization founded in Moscow in March 1919. The International intended to fight "by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State."

is a radical, authoritarian nationalist ideology that aims to create a single-party state with a government led by a dictator who seeks national unity and development by requiring individuals to subordinate self-interest to the collective interest of the nation or race.

These were Mussolini's bullies who pushed socialist out of Northern Italy

In this, Mussolini recognized the Vatican as an independent state, and gave it heavy financial support

Gained power through feeding off others, and promoting racist nationalist ideals. Gained control of the German Worker's Party, built his way up from there

An armed uprising in Munich of maybe 50 people at most, crushed, Hitler's idea

Hitler's book in which he outlined his ideas on race, living space, and the Fuhrer

He wanted to declare the superiority of Aryan race, create more living space for them, and make himself eternal supreme dictator for life

German for "habitat" or literally "living space") served as a major motivation for Nazi Germany's territorial aggression. In his book Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler detailed his belief that the German people needed Lebensraum (for a Grossdeutschland, land, and raw materials), and that it should be taken in the East. It was the stated policy of the Nazis to kill, deport, Germanize or enslave the Polish, and later also Russian and other Slavic populations, and to repopulate the land with reinrassig Germanic peoples. The entire urban population was to be exterminated by starvation, thus creating an agricultural surplus to feed Germany and allowing their replacement by a German upper class.

Felt that Aryan white people were most superior, Scandinavian were 2nd best, French were 3rd, and the slavs, jews, and pretty much the rest were the worst

Hitler used this to launch his dictatorship and used this to give him power. It was a fire of a capital building

Gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for 4 years

Laws that classified a jew as someone having one or more jewish grandparent

A night of violence and vandalism against Jews

Hitler was popular for promising economic recovery and delivering

This said that ordinary Germans not only knew about, but also supported, the Holocaust because of a unique and virulent "eliminationist" anti-Semitism in the German identity, which had developed in the preceding centuries

when Germany moved into the Rhineland and beefed up the military, Britain and France still wanted appeasement and did nothing

The idea that Britain could pacify Germany and make sure there was no war at any cost.

The forceful union of Austria into Germany

Made friends with Italy, did stuff behind the table with Russia, and hated everyone else

The area near Czechoslovakia that was mainly German ethnicity that Germany took.

An agreement/conference that gave Germany the Sudetenland

The three countries of Italy, Germany, and Japan allied together

The strip of Poland that the Germans wanted to take, specifically Danzig

A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other

The members of the Grand alliance were America, Britain, and the Soviet Union; their goals were to Smash the aggressors, Europe first, then Asia

First war in Europe, then war in Asia

A mass flee of British troops of the coast of France, disaster, lost thousands of machines and vehicles

Decisive battle in German invasion of Russia, the Germans were surrounded and systemically destroyed

Combined German and Italian forces were beaten near Alexandria, which lead to the Allied taking of Morocco and Algeria

An important invasion that lead to the removal of Mussolini from government, only to have him put back later

The most important battle in the European part of the war, allies stormed beaches and made it through to the mainland, landing in France and moving towards Germany

An important battle in the Asian part of the war, the Americans sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers

One of the Bloodiest battles in the war, a fight to the death for Japanese soldiers, as the Americans were coming closer to Japan

was Nazi Germany's plan and execution of its systematic genocide against European Jewry during World War II, resulting in the final, most deadly phase of the Holocaust

The final straw for the Japanese, resulting in millions of civilian and military death. Little Boy and Fat Man were used here. These flew on the plane "The Enola Gay"

The amazing movie that dictates the life and failure of Hitler

French poet and critic that spoke of a "crisis of the mind," and "a dark future for Europe"

German philosopher who said that "God is dead," that lackadaisical people killed him with their false values. Said that Christianity and all religion is a "slave morality." He also said that the only hope for mankind was to accept the meaninglessness of human life, and to then use that meaninglessness as a source of personal integrity and liberation. Also stated that from this meaninglessness people called Supermen would exert their mind on other and rise to power. he appealed to people who liked totalitarianism.

A French socialist who thought there socialism would come from a general strike of all workers that would cripple the capitalist system. Thought that socialism was an improbable religion rather than accepted truth. Thought that the new socialist governments would not be democratic, rather controlled by a small revolutionary elite. He did not like democracy

Was an Austrian philosopher and a logical empiricist who argued in Essay on Logical Philosophy that great philosophical questions like god freedom and morality were "quite literally senseless."

a French philosophy professor who said that personal experiences and intuition were more important than rational thought and thinking

A French existentialist who said that people just "turned up" and that there was no God to help honest people. Also said "man is condemned to be free" and people had to choose their actions.

Danish religious philosopher who made a total religious commitment to a remote and majestic god, after rejecting formalistic religion

A Swiss Protestant theologian who said people were sinful and that religious truth was made know to humans only through God's grace, and people just had to accept God as true and be obedient.

Leading existential Christian thinker, thought catholic church was "hope, humanity, honesty, and piety," after broken world and WWI, also advocated closer ties with non-Catholics

A Polish physicist who, with French husband Pierre, discovered radium emits subatomic particles

German-Jewish physicist that undermined Newtonian physics and developed theory of relativity

German physicist who proved that subatomic energy was emitted from particles, he called them "quanta"

A German physicist that speculated that there was no real certainty in where an electron was, and only tendencies. This broke down Newton's dependable laws to only probabilities

The love of my life. Said that there were three points were man was stripped of his specialness. Copernicus said that man was not center of universe; Darwin said that man is not God's special creation; and Freud said that man is savage. Freud said that there was conscious, which you could control, and the subconscious. He said that the Id was living in the subconscious was just had primordial desires that wanted stuff like food and sex. Then there was the Superego that did not want pleasures of love, and was just pure intellect and rationality. The ego is the middle ground, the referee between the two different things, Id and Superego. All of this is going on the subconscious. His most controversial idea was that all humans are sexual beings and have sexual desires. Then he said there were three phases of human development the Oral phase, the Anal phase, and the Oedipal phase. After WWI it became ok to talk about Freud's ideas.

An Irish novelist who wrote Ulysses, a stream of consciousness book that mirrored Homer's book

an obscure German high school teacher who wrote Decline of the West, said the west was about to be conquered by Asians

German architect who broke form previous design with light, airy, bright buildings of glass and iron

French painter who used a impressionism called "super-realism," capture overall impression of the thing they were painting

a French painter who used a impressionism called "super-realism," capture overall impression of the thing they were painting

A Dutch expressionist who painted a "moving visions in his mind's eye"

French stockbroker turned painter, pioneered expressionist techniques and fled to South Pacific

A postimpressionist and expressionist who had a profound impact on 20th century art and committed to form

Henrí Matisse

a Spanish artist, founder of Cubism, which focused on geometric shapes and overlapping planes

Russia painter who "turned away from nature" and focused on nonrepresentational, abstract art

composer, wrote Rite of Spring, expressionist ballet, shocked crowds because of music and scenes

composer of opera Wozzeck, atonal music with half spoken, half sung dialogue, violence and expression

Viennese founder of 12 tone music and turned back on conventional tones

Young English economist who denounced Treaty of Versailles and said that people needed to revise treaty and help German econ. He Wrote Economic Consequences of the Peace. Said Britain needed Germany, and if the German market went under, Britain econ would go under. His book was one of the major reasons that the British were sympathetic towards Germany.

French Prime Minister who moved and occupied into the Ruhr to collect war reparations

German Foreign Minister who assumed leadership of government and got the French to move out of the Ruhr

Leader of the French socialist party Popular Front, made first and real attempt to deal with the economic and social problems

Social Impact was impact on social class structures and breakdown of aristocracy and other inter class structures. After the war more people did not have servants. The Psycho impact was that people viewed humanity as both savage and pointless, because they just fought a pointless war

The philosophical ideology that simply rejected the concerns of modern philosophy, like god and morality. Mainly started with Austrian philosopher Wittgenstein.

The idea that human beings simply exist, have no higher purpose, and must exist and choose their actions for themselves. Existentialism mainly influenced by Nietzsche. Existentialism sustain popularity in Germany with Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers who appealed to university students.

Was a reaction to the loss of faith in humans, which came from the war, and lead to renewed interest in Christian view of the world. Major people were Kierkegaard, Barth, and Marcel

Pioneered by the Curies, Plank and Einstein, a new view of physics that shattered the perfect world of Newtonian physics and made the world seem much more random and not as much certainty.

The idea that we do know no anything for certain and all we know is possibilities, probabilities, and tendencies. Put forth by German physicist Heisenberg.

Freud said that there was conscious, which you could control, and the subconscious. He said that the Id was living in the subconscious was just had primordial desires that wanted stuff like food and sex. Then there was the Superego that did not want pleasures of love, and was just pure intellect and rationality. The ego is the middle ground, the referee between the two different things, Id and Superego. All of this is going on the subconscious.

Freudian physiological idea that if you did not get over loving your parent of the opposite sex, you would have this complex where you hated your other parent and have issues with parental relations.

Literary technique that explored the psyche through different idea randomly bubbling up in a story.

A new principle of building design that focused on buildings being functional which means serving the purpose it was made for best

A Weimar (German) architectural school created by Walter Gropius which combined the fine arts and functionalism

An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing

An artistic movement that expressed world that could not normally be seen, like dreams and fantasy.

An Artistic movement that focused on geometric shapes, complex lines, and overlapping planes.

An artistic movement that focused on expressing emotion and feelings through abstract images and colors, lines and shapes.

An artistic movement that had a purposely nonsensical name, expressing its total rejection of previous modern art.

An artistic movement that displayed vivid dream worlds and fantastic unreal images

differences between French and British were over the treatment of the Germans, specifically on the payment of reparations

The French alliance between the smaller countries of Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia.

When France occupied the Ruhr coal fields to demand that the German pay their reparations

When the German economy tried to print bills to pay off their debt, inflation rates of 40% a day

The American plan to loan money to Germany, who would pay their reparations to France and Britain, who would pay back their debt to America, which created a win-win for everyone, and made they people happy and thought that peace was possible

The pact was an agreement to define the border between France and Germany, and in which Britain and Italy would gang up on the aggressor if the treaty was broken. The spirit was this feeling that war could be stopped again by peace talks that settled in Europe after the pact

Was a pact that said that just said was bad, but did not outline any method for preventing war.

The three party system that makes sure that both the conservative and the labor party don't get too radical.

The immediate cause was the American using margin buying to buy shares of stock that they could not pay back, and forced a mass selloff of shares, which collapsed the stock market and the economy. The efforts to deal was the New Deal in America, and different stances of social programs and socialism in Europe.

The largest political party in Sweden, who pushed for social reform legislation, and drew support from community and socialist and capitalist working together

was the French political alliance that allied the Communists, the Socialists, and the Radicals together.

The Scandinavian system of in the middle of socialism and capitalism, an ideology that you can have some of your own things and keep some of your money, and have higher tax rates.

This was the name given to the Spanish explorers who would conquer the land they discovered and utilize the resources they found there for Spain

This was the expression used after the Revolutions of 1848 where Friedrich Wilhelm refused to just take the throne of Prussia

The motto of the French Revolution and the demands of the popular people

This was the theory developed by Montesquieu that political power should not be divided and share by a variety of classes and legal estates holding unequal rights and privileges

This was the vast amount of ships sent by Phillip II to attack England because of the conflicts between Phillip II and Mary, Queen of Scots

This was the term given to those in the Renaissance who were able to excel in more than one subject matter

Aristocracy > Middle Class (Upper > Middle > Lower) > Working Classes (Labor Aristocracy > Semiskilled > Unskilled)

This czar of Russia wanted to restore the kingdom of Poland, which he wanted to bestow the benefits of his rule

This was the work that started the tabula rasa theory where the human mind is blank until it is filled with experiences that allow a person to think differently

These were the "radicals" in Reformation in which someone would choose if they wanted to be baptized

This scientist spread the word about the experimental method and formalized the empirical method and combined his thinking with Descartes to form the scientific method

These were the major families in Europe that had the most power and control of the wealth in a state

This massive victory by the French caused Russia and the Austrians to suspend their support against France

This was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler

This man believed that the moral worth of an action is determined by its contribution to happiness as summed among all persons

The artist shows the ideal for female beauty in the Renaissance in this work slender, pale skin, a high forehead, red-blond hair, and sloping shoulders

This was the physicist who said nothing can be known beyond all doubt

This is the act in which Napoleon ended the Directory by ousting the Directors and disbanding the legislature. He then established a strong military dictatorship in place of the weak Directory

This explorer first saw the mainland of Brazil and claimed it for Portugal while sailing to set up trading posts in India

He was an architect who designed a hospital for orphans and foundlings set up by the silk-workers guild in Florence

These were groups of secret revolutionary societies in Italy

This was the man who served under Cardinal Richelieu and laid the foundations for Louis XIV's expansionist policies

This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy

1) The economic and financial crisis that led to the calling of the Estates General. 2) The political incompetence of Louis XV and XVI. 3) The unfair taxation between the three estates

This man was a poet, playwright and novelist and wrote one of the best known novels ever (Don Quixote)

Their demand was universal male suffrage

This was the scientist who published the theory of evolution after his travels to the Galapagos Islands

This was the king that took the throne during the Restoration and peacefully had agreements with the Parliament until he made secret agreements with Louis XIV to relax the laws against the English Catholics and eventually a Catholic became the next king

This was the French supporter of Metternich's balance of power idea

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation

This was the man who discovered Americas while originally looking for a faster and all-sea route to the East but instead landed in the West Indies.

These were the laws passed by the Parliament that prohibited the English people from forming a union

This was the period of economic and political expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism that occurred in Europe

This was the group that carried out the Reign of Terror

This was the system set up by the Quadruple Alliance to meet periodically to talk about common issues

This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power

This was the meeting between the Quadruple Alliance in order to formulate a peace agreement and to balance the victories of the Napoleonic wars

This was the political idea in which the people regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions and the proper state and society remained those before the French Revolution which rested on a judicious blend on monarchy, bureaucracy, aristocracy, and respectful commoners

This was the man who first theorized that the celestial bodies all revolved around a fixed sun

These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially

One of the members of the banker family of Florence that ruled behind the scenes of the government

This was the way form of work of the rural classes in which the costumer would give the worker materials and the worker would create the desirable product

This was the meeting called by Pope Paul III that secured reconciliation with the Protestants

This was the first explorer to round the Cape of Good Hope and sail into the Indian Ocean trade

One of the best examples of a Renaissance man. He painted, wrote, sculpted, invented, among his philosophical ideas

First comedy writer that wrote 100 verses that described the realms of the next world

One of the leaders of The Mountain

This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law

This was a way of thinking that God exists, but does not intervene in daily life, for he already has a plan for the universe that cannot be altered

This thinker developed a philosophy of two different worlds a material world and a world of the mind. This was called Cartesian dualism. He combined his ideas with Bacon to form the scientific method

This was the philosophical belief that for every thesis ever, there is an opposing antithesis that creates a synthesis

This was the first explorer who rounded the southern tip of the Cape of Good Hope but was never able to go all the way around

This was the conference that Charles V called to bring Martin Luther to speak

The ruler of Venice

One of the first and best Renaissance sculptors. He was also one of the first artists to sell his works

This was the revolt by the Netherland against the Spanish in order to create their independent state

This was the document published by Henry IV that granted liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to the Huguenots

During his short reign of England, Protestant ideas exerted a significant influence on the religious life of the country

This was a public health official who wrote reports on the poor living conditions of the cities and believed that poverty was caused by illnesses

This involved the beginning of using reason to solve problems in the community by using inductive and deductive reasoning

This was the Spanish equivalent to the Knights of the Round Table

This man invented the cotton gin which allowed for the faster picking of cotton in the Americas

This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England

This work advocated breast feeding and natural dress and that boys' education should have plenty of fresh air and exercise and he said a women's nature was a life of marriage and child rearing

This was an influential French writer who wrote about naturalism and was often criticized

This was the way that the English landowners would now organize their land so that the farmers would become more productive in their work

This was the first publication of different essays about the culture and society of France which was put on the Index of Forbidden Books because it dealt with controversial issues

This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished

This man was a writer who would plea for simple Christian faith and would criticize the complexity of Catholic faith

This was the group of people called by Louis XVI that would keep the king in check like the English Parliament

This was the work that suggested that socialists should combine with other progressive forces to win gradual evolutionary gains for workers through legislation, unions, and further economic development

This was the ideology that most states used to gain the most money from their exports by increasing the amount of finished materials while decreasing the amount of raw materials

This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition

The Duke of Florence and the old ruler of the city-states of Italy

This was the French king who reached an agreement with Pope Leo X and allowed the French king to select French bishops and abbots

This was a man who helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries he went on to promote Christianity

This man was an active player in the French Revolution of 1848 who helped in the overthrow of Charles X

This was a pianist in the Romanticism era that was a star in his day

This was the man who supported and hid Luther after the Diet of Worms

This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler

This was the man who starting absolutism in Prussia by uniting the three provinces of Prussia under one ruler.

This king of Prussia was the king who gave into Prussia's constitution

This scientist formulated the experimental method and using this, came up with the law of inertia, among several discoveries related to the moon

This man believed that each age is characterized by a dominant set of ideas, which produces opposing ideas and a new synthesis

This was the man who planned the reconstruction of Paris

This is the political faction in Italy that supported the Holy Roman Empire

An artist who led the way into realism; his treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body

These were the liberals of France who did not want to execute Louis XVI, but The Mountain did anyway

This early Italian nationalist believed that doing labor for the principles of one's country is labor for humanity

This was the "revolution" that replaced James II with William and Mary that also recognized the supremacy of the Parliament with minimum bloodshed

This was the motto of the age of exploration. The explorers were looking for money, glory, or to convert non-Christians

The Greeks revolted against the Ottomans for their independence, to which the Concert generally opposed to this

This is the political faction in Italy that supported the pope

This was act in which any people unlawfully detained could be prosecuted

This was the royal dynasty of Austria that ruled over a vast part of Central Europe while battling with the Turks over Hungary

This was the man who first detailed the accounted for the circulation of blood flow

This man revolutionized the way to manufacture steel by making the process quicker and more efficient

This was the king who issued the Edict of Nantes

This was the man who started the Church of England because he needed a reformation in Catholicism which would allow him to divorce his wife

This was the royal dynasty of electors in Prussia

This was the alliance between Austria Prussia and Russia on the crusade against the ideas and politics of the dual revolution.

This was the house that took over the English throne after the Glorious Revolution

These were the French Calvinists that were often persecuted until the Edict of Nantes

The philosophy of the liberal arts that emphasized human beings and their achievements

A man who helped to shed some light on the church's problems with hurting the people that follow the religion. He was seen as a radical and was not allowed to study John Wycliffe's publications yet was executed after he was tried for heresy

This was the man who started the Jesuit movement to help people to find God around the world

This was the list of books that were prohibited by the papacy in order to stop more religious thinkers

This was the work by John Calvin that described to the world the ideology of John Calvin

This was the group of people in the National Assembly that met to discuss the political questions of the day

This was the man who created the spinning jenny which began the actual Industrial Revolution and the beginning of machines doing a man's work

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

This was the man who created the theory of sovereignty in which a state becomes sovereign by claiming a monopoly over the instruments of justice

This man developed the first cohesive theory of evolution after his studies of biology

This was the group of people that was important in converting Asians and Latin Americans to Catholicism which allowed for the mass spread of Christianity

Man who created the printing press and changed the production and reading of books

This was the man who was hired by Archbishop Albert of Mainz to sell indulgences, which he did extremely successfully

This German Romantic poet influence Walter Scott

This was another leader in the Reformation who believed in a simple faith and a simple method of worship

This man was a Romantic painter

Man who revolutionized the one-hand loom and increased the production done by one worker

This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops

This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom

This man promoted the idea of sterilizing medical equipment before operating

These decrees limited the voting rights of the wealthy and censored the press

These were the French workers' revolts in 1848 after the closure of the National Workshops

This philosopher showed the overall attitude of the Enlightenment by saying "have the courage to use your own understanding"

This man came up with the idea of communism/dialectic socialism that said that two classes have always battled against each other to form another class that will battle against its antithesis until the synthesis is one equal class working with each other for each other

These decrees required the thirty-eight German member states to root out subversive ideas in the universities and newspapers an established a permanent committee with spies and informers to investigate and punish any liberal or radical organizations

This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun

This was Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression

This was the union of skilled workers in the working classes that had a set behavioral code. They were usually run by construction bosses and factory foremen

This was the style of capitalism in which the government had no interference with the economy

This man was a Hungarian nationalist leader who demanded independence and a constitution

This was the political idea in which the government did not intervene in the economy and liberty and equality were stressed

This was the line drawn by Alexander VI that gave Portugal most of Brazil and Spain the rest of South America

This English poet joined the Greeks and died fighting so that they may be free

This was an artistic patron that spent vast sums on family chapels, frescoes, religious panels and

This man urged people to agitate for universal voting rights and to take control of the state peacefully

This was the first French president as a result of the election after the Revolution of 1848

This was the man who began studying fermentation to develop a way to avoid spoilage through pasteurization by heating the beverage

This French king appointed Cardinal Richelieu

This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France

This was the king of France before and after Napoleon's exile

These were the angry old cottage industry workers who lost their jobs and costumers to machines and as a result, they began to secretly destroy the machines