Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy & Physiology - Respiratory System

movement of air/gas in and out of the lungs

volume of air being taken in per breath

volume of air take in per minute

nothing happens in this part of the lungs other then transport of air which isnt always used

amount of dead space varies by:

horses have __?__ of dead space and __?__ of tidal volume

dogs have __?__ of dead space and __?__ of tidal volume

active animals increases or decreases the amount of dead space.

__?__ is the gas in the conducting areas of the respiratory system, such as the mouth and trachea, where air does not come into contact with the alveoli of the lungs.

amount of ventilation cant not keep up with blood flow

abbreviation for ventilation/ perfusion mismatch

to perfuse means ...

bringing air into the lungs

ridding air out of the lungs

a) It requires energy to exhale but not inhale?
b) It requires energy to inhale but not exhale?
c) It requires energy to both inhale and exhale?

tidal volume x BPM (breaths per minute)

conducting airways from the nares to the bronchioles where no actual gas exchage takes place between the body and the environment. Air is just transported in and out.

areas in the alveoli that are poorly perfused so that no actual gas exchange is occuring

while blood is in the process of exchanging gas, things reach an equilibrium, at which point there is no further exchange to be made and that alveolus is not "working" at the moment.

how an animal can react under heat stress

how animal can react to cold temperature

endotracheal tubes and face masks that are too large can lead to __?__

when rate of blood flow and rate of ventilation dont synchronize normally leading to the deficient transfer of O_2.

domed muculotendinous sheet separating abdomen and thoraz.

the diaphragms nerve

flattening of the diaphragm out by pulling it caudally increasing the size of the thoracic cavity.

which is passive, inhalation or exhalation?

muscles essential to inhalation

having a hole in the chest cavity that messes with the vacuum effect needed to inhale and exhale, causing it to collaspe

muscles essential for exhalation

amount of air remaining in the lung at the end of exhalation that allows for the slight negative pressure relative to the atmospheric pressure

collasped lung due to the penetration of the thorax.

lung tissue stiffness is most volunerable to alectasis when...

membrane covering the lung

ribs and walls or the thoracic cavity

thin layer of fluid between the visceral pleura ad the parietal pleura that helps lubricate the lung.

expansion of due to too much fluid

listening to respiration or air flow as the bronchioles narrow

crackling and wheezing sounds can indicate ...

when listening to the animals respiration system you listen to the __?__ and __?__ regions.

receptors within the tissue, muscle, and the airways

__?__ governs the rhythmicity of breathing, with the aid of afferent info from the vagus and the pons.

the __?__ nerve is connected to the bronchioles and such.

receptors within the airways including the trachea and main bronchi.

receptors that sense low O₂ tension or high CO₂ tension and send a signal to the brain to stimulate neural firing to change respiration.

the __?__ is situated by the carotid artery where it branches to the right and the left.

the __?__ is situated by the aortic arch.

central chemoreceptor in the medullla which evaluates the interstitual fluid for pH

effect acidic pH has on ventilation

effect alkalinic pH has on ventilation

formed once the anaerobic threshold is reached in cells

__?__ decreases blood pH which increases O₂ partial pressure and decreases CO₂ pressure.

animal that breaths in such a way that it coordinates with their activity

high pressure of O₂ will help it be absorbed by the body if its O₂ is higher then that of the chamber it enters.

a respiratory organ that captures dissolved O₂ from water.

two ways water can be assisted through the gills

animals who must swim with their mouths open to have water run through thier gills

gill types:

gills out of the fishs body and in direct contact with the environment.

gills on the outside that appear internal

animals mix air and water for breathing

they stage where amphibians must breath via gills

the stage where gills disappear and lungs take over in amphibians

allows air in when lowered and then the mouth and nares are sealed to increase air pressure and forces air into the lungs.

opening between the vocal cords is locked and the animal can not breathe while lungs gill.

Some frogs and other amphibians may breath through their skin. Very important in hibernating amphibians.

like a sac with one chamber with a honey comb pattern to increase surface area and allow for diffusion

The __?__ runs all the way through the lung. branching bronchi become smaller and smaller in diameter becoming Air capillaries which are microscopic. they are pairs with blood capillaries where gas exchange occurs.

__?__ expand and contract during ventilation but can not exchange gas.