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4 various types of feeding
- 1. suspension feeding
- 2. feeding through bird bills
- 3. lip mobility
- 4. grazing
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the oral cavity stops at the __?__
faucial tonsils
-
pass the oral cavity are two cavities
-
the act of chewing
maceration
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maceration, swallowing, and insalivation are all at which point of the digestive system...
the first part of the digestive system.
-
animal whose saliva contains much amylase
dogs
-
animal whose saliva contains very little amylase
cats
-
saliva is initiated by the __?__ system
parasympathetic system
-
term used for drooling
ptyalism
-
dogs having a very short oral cavity and pharynx
brachycephalic
-
a highly contagious disease present in the two-digited and hooved animals in which ulcers develop in the mouth.
foot and mouth disease
-
The __?__ feeds into the carida of the stomach at the esophageal sphincter or gastroesophageal opening.
esophagus
-
animals having 4 chambers as one stomach.
ruminants
-
most cranial and largerst chamber of the four-chambered stomach of ruminants
rumen
-
chamber within the 4 chambered stomach that has tons of bacteria and protozoa and is pH specific
the rumen
-
When a calf is ill and given antibiotics it kills off a calf's bacteria that it needs, so to make up for this they ...
take bacteria from another calf and insert it into the calf recieving antibiotics.
-
part of the 4 chambered stomach that is cranial and ventral to the rumen.
the reticulum
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The second chamber of the 4 chambered stomach that sits caudal to the heart
the reticulum
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after food is swallowed and enters the stomach, which route does it take before making it back into the mouth for resalivation.
esophagus to rumen, rumen to reticulum, and back to the esophagus, and finally the mouth for resalivation
-
trype is ...
a delicacy in some countries, but really its the reticulum of the stomach
-
food bunched up in a clump and processed into a fluid and released into the intestines at a controlled rate.
bolus
-
"chewing cud" means ...
resalivation of the bolus that came from the reticulum
-
the third chamber of the 4 chambered stomach
omasum
-
part of the 4 chambered stomach that we like to think of as the true stomach, where actual digestion takes place.
the abomasum
-
the next part of the digestive system that food travels after the stomach
the pyloric antrum and then the duodenum
-
act of grinding food as it nears the duodenum.
peristalsis
-
section of the digestive system between the stomach and duodenum
pylori antrum
-
nervous system that secretes hormones and gastric inhibitory peptide to govern gastric motility
vagus nerve/ nerve X
-
when an area of tissue or an organ has a number of different pathways for blood to reach it
collateral circulation
-
the part of the digestive system that has collateral circulation.
the jejunum and the ileum
-
The ileum ends at the __?__
cecum
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The cecum in a rabbit and a horse is equivalent to a human's __?__
appendix
-
where the intestines end and the colon begins
the cecum
-
The reason why a horse or rabbit can NOT vomit.
the cecum is where they begin digestion
-
duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix
-
cells that coat the intestines and are make up of epithelium and villi.
enterocytes
-
finger-like projections of the enterocytes that the blood inside the villi can absorb the nutrients in the food
villi
-
membrane of microvilli, that bunches of small villi on enterocytes villi
- brush border
-
enterocytes only meet at __?__
tight junctions
-
breaking of bonds by inserting water in digestion.
hydrolysis
-
divided into dorsal and ventral sections and where most digestion takes place.
colon
-
sections of colon that appear like gyri.
- haustra
-
three parts of the colon
- 1. Ascending
- 2. Transverse
- 3. Descending
-
two phases of digestion
- 1. propulsive phase
- 2. retropulsive movement phase
-
where food is pushed along a relatively short distance and segments with circular muscle grinds up the food.
the propulsive phase
-
The participation in mixing and withdrawing water from the feces.
retropulsive movement
-
in ruminants the colon is shaped ...
in a spiral and then in a straight path
-
cells that produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and mucous
gastric cells
-
gastric cells produce
hydrocholric acid and mucous
-
interior surface of the intestinal tubing
lumen
-
cells on the luminal surface that produce mucous.
mucus cells
-
cells located about half way down and produce hydrochloric acid (HCl).
parietal cells
-
Why blood pH becomes alkaline after eating.
HCl is secreted into cannaliculi, deep invaginations of the plasma membrane that is continuous in the lumen, leaving bicarbonate ions (HCO3) behind in the cells which is then discharged into the bloodstream.
-
cells that produce pepsinogen, an enzyme crucial to food digestion.
cheif cells
-
Pepsinogen is converted to __?__ by the negative pH of the gastric lumen, which is crucial to protein digestion to be extracted by the small intestine.
Pepsin
-
functions of the pancreas.
- 1. endocrine function because it produces a hormone.
- 2. exocrine function because it produces enzymes.
-
enzymes produced by the pancreas
- 1. lipase
- 2. amylase
- 3. trypsin
-
enzyme for digesting fats
lipase
-
enzyme for digesting starches
amylase
-
enzyme for digesting proteins
trypsin
-
small channels within the lumen
cannaliculi
-
liver cells carry and transport the following to the bile duct and into the gall bladder.
- 1. bile acids
- 2. cholesterol
- 3. phospholipids
-
bile is discharged when ...
food enters the duodenum
-
most effective at digesting fats
bile
-
after bile breaks down in the ileum it returns to the liver to suppress bile secretion.
enterohepatico circulation
-
the closed circulation of the blood from the small intestine to the liver.
portal circulation
-
the breaking down of food into nutrients
digestion
-
the transport of particles across the intestinal epithelium
absorption
-
breaking bonds by inserting water in digestion
hydrolysis
-
broken down in the lumen into the short chain polysaccharides or amino acids which are further processed and then absorbed.
sugars, proteins, and starches
-
enzymes are made in the enterocytes and move to the luminal surface by __?__
osmosis
-
carbohydrates are broken down into __?__ and absorbed into the luminal surface of the intestines.
sugars
-
transport by use of 1 molecule of ATP being hydrolyzed to drive 3 sodium ions out of the cells, allowing 2 potassium ions in.
active transport
-
mechanism that keeps sodium from rushing back into the cells
Na-K-ATPase pump
-
transport via ion channels that do not require energy but occur as an act of nature, depending on a electrochemical gradient.
passive transport
-
passive transport can occur between __?__
tight junctions
-
water and electrolytes are crucial for __?__
metabolism
-
the direction water will head in the intestinal lumen if the ingesta is hyperosmolar
- hyper*osmolar= salty concentration
- water will be drawn into the intestinal lumen
-
cells that undergo certain circumstances secrete chloride into the lumen that will pull sodium along with it which pulls water.
* Cl pulls Na, which pulls H2O.
crypt cells
-
the direction water runs when crypt cells intervene.
crypt cell pulls Cl. Cl pulls Na. Na pulls water.
-
colons main job is to ...
pull water out of the ingesta
-
when too much water is pulled out of the ingesta, the animal may become __?__
constipated
-
when too much water is pulled out of the ingesta and the animal can not pass bowels, the animal has become __?__
obstipated
-
having to manually remove defecation from an animals colon
deobstipation
-
villi are most prominent in the __?__ part of the intestines.
jejunum
-
an organic molecule called __?__ which are not water soluble
lipids
-
how the enzymes of the pancreas deal with lipids
they turn lipids inside out so water hydrophilic parts are on the outside and the chylomicron can carry it.
-
being water soluble
hydrophilic
-
package drop which carries lipids out through the GI tract with the hydrophilic parts on the outside.
chylomicron
-
breaking down of food by bacteria and other microorganisms, to produce enzymes that can do the actual breaking down.
fermentation
-
animals that depend on fermentation for digestion and absorption.
ruminants, equine, and lagomorphs
-
where fermentation takes place.
the cecum
-
everything in front or proximal to the omasum is the __?__
forestomach
-
The __?__ refers to the cecum and the colon.
hindgut
-
The hindgut mainly operates digestion by __?__
fermentation
-
microorganisms the rumen uses
fungi and protozoans
-
the protozoans significance in the digestive system
to eat excess bacteria
-
the microorganisms require __?__ to function
Vitamin B
-
__?__ will break down lactic acid
pyruvic acid
-
the damage of oxygen deprived tissue by giving it too much oxygen abruptly
reperfusion injury
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