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Thomas Aquians
1225-1275
- Italian dominican priest of Catholic church (philosopher)
- Taught about ethics, natural law, political theory
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Dante
1265-1321
- Italian poet in Middle Ages
- Wrote the Divine Comedy
- That "Father of Italian Lanauage"
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Humanism
- The focus of human value/concerns (renaissance)
- Revived classical learning
- Love for humanity
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Petrarch
1304-1374
- Italian scholar/poet/humanist
- "Father of Humanism"
- Sonnets were a model for lyrical poetry
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Boccaccio
1313-1375
- Renaissance humanist, author, poet
- Studied under Petrarch
- Medieval writer
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Renaissance
14-17th centuries
- Rebirth
- Flourishing of poetry, science, art, politics, religion, and literature
- Bridge between Middle Ages and Modern Era
- Social and political upheavel, aritistc developments and contributions (De Vinci, Michelangelo..)
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Reformation
- Christian reform movement.
- Established Protestantism
- Led by Martin Luther & John Calvin
- Objected to rituals of the church
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Martin Luther
1483-1546
- German prioest/professor.
- Against idea people could buy their way into heaven
- By faith alone in Jesus Christ = Heaven
- 95 Theses on church wall
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Zwingli
1484-1531
- Leader of Reformation in Switzerland
- Introduced common liturgy to replace mass
- Formed alliances of reformed cantons
- Divided confederation along religions lines
- Killed in battle
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John Calvin
1509-1564
- French pastor during Protestant Reformation
- Developed 'Calvinism' form of Christian theology
- Broke from church in 1530
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30 Years War
1618-1648
- Religious conflict between Catholics & Protestants
- -balance of power within Roman Empire
- Led to decentralization of Holy Roman Empire and a substantial decline in the power of the Church
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Henry VIII
Reigned 1509-1547
- King of England & Ireland
- Separated Church of England form Catholic Church
- Reformation made England a Protestant nation
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Elizabeth Tudor
Reigned 1558-1603
- Queen of England & Ireland
- Last monarch of Tudor bloodline
- Supoprted Protestant Church
- Shakespeare- Flourishing of drama
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Charles 1
- Did not successfully aid Protestant forces during 30 Years War
- People thought he brought Church of England too close to Catholic Church
- Was not trusted
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Oliver Cromwell
1599-1658
- English military/political leader
- Overthrew English monarchy
- For awhile turned England into a Republican Commonwealth
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English Civil War
1642-1651
- Series of conflicts between Roundheads and Royalists
- (Parliamnetarians v. Cavaliers)
- 1st -2nd: King Charles v. Supporters of Long Parliament
- 3rd: King Charles 2v. supporters of Rump Parliament
- Led to execution of Charles 1 with Commonwealth of England - Proctectorate under O. Cromwell.
- ** English government cannot govern without Parliaments consent **
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